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Network Working Group                                          J. Miller
Internet-Draft                                            P. Saint-Andre
Expires: May 4, June 6, 2003                         Jabber Software Foundation
                                                       November 03,
                                                       December 06, 2002


                               XMPP Core
                       draft-miller-xmpp-core-02
                        draft-ietf-xmpp-core-00

Status of this Memo

   This document is an Internet-Draft and is in full conformance with
   all provisions of Section 10 of RFC2026.

   Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering
   Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups.  Note that
   other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-
   Drafts.

   Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months
   and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any
   time.  It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference
   material or to cite them other than as "work in progress."

   The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://
   www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt.

   The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at
   http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html.

   This Internet-Draft will expire on May 4, June 6, 2003.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document describes the core features of the eXtensible Messaging
   and Presence Protocol (XMPP), which is used by the servers, clients,
   and other applications that comprise the Jabber network.











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Table of Contents

   1.    Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   1.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   1.2   Conventions Used in this Document  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   1.3   Discussion Venue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   1.4   Intellectual Property Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  4
   2.    Generalized Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.2   Host .   Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  5
   2.3   Node .   Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.4   Service  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.4.1   Gateway  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   2.5   Network  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  6
   3.    Addressing Scheme  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  7
   3.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  7
   3.2   Domain Identifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  7
   3.3   Node Identifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  8  7
   3.4   Resource Identifier  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   3.5   URIs . . . .  8
   4.    XML Streams  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  9
   4.    XML Streams  . .
   4.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.1   Overview . . . .  9
   4.2   Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.2   Restrictions . . 10
   4.3   Stream Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
   4.4   Namespace Declarations . 12
   4.3   Stream Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
   4.5   Stream Features  . . . 12
   4.4   Namespace Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
   4.5 12
   4.6   Stream Errors  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
   4.6 13
   4.7   Simple Streams Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 13
   5.    Stream Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16
   5.1   SASL Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16
   5.1.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16
   5.1.2 Example  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 17
   5.2   Dialback Authentication  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 19
   5.2.1 Dialback Protocol  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 21
   6.    Core Data Elements    XML Stanzas  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 . . . 25
   6.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
   6.2   Common Attributes  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
   6.2.1 to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
   6.2.2 from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
   6.2.3 id . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 25
   6.2.4 type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 26
   6.2.5 xml:lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
   6.3   Message Chunks Stanzas  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 26
   6.3.1 Types of Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 26
   6.3.2 Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
   6.4   Presence Chunks Stanzas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   6.4.1 Types of Presence  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
   6.4.2 Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
   6.5   IQ Chunks Stanzas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   6.5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30



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   6.5.2 Types of IQ  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
   6.5.3 Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   6.6   Extended Namespaces  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
   7.    XML Usage within XMPP  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   7.1   Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   7.2   Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   7.3   Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
   7.4   Character Encodings  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   7.5   Inclusion of Text Declaration  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
   8.    IANA Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
   9.    Internationalization Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
   10.   Security Considerations  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   10.1  Node-to-Host  Client-to-Server Communications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   10.2  Host-to-Host  Server-to-Server Communications  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   10.3  Minimum Security Mechanisms  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
   10.3  Use of SASL
   10.4  Firewalls  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
         References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
         Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
   A.    Standard Error Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
   B.    Formal Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
   B.1   streams namespace  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
   B.1.1 DTD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
   B.1.2 Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 43
   B.2   sasl   SASL namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
   B.2.1 DTD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 44
   B.2.2 Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 45
   B.3   jabber:client namespace  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   B.3.1 DTD  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
   B.3.2 Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
   C.    OpenPGP Usage
   B.4   jabber:server namespace  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
   B.4.1 DTD  . . . . . . . . . . 50
   C.1   Signing Presence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
   B.4.2 Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
   C.2   Encrypting Messages
   C.    Revision History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
   C.1   Changes from draft-miller-xmpp-core-02 . . . . . . . . . . 51 . 54
         Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 56
















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1. Introduction

1.1 Overview

   The eXtensible Messaging and Presence Protocol (XMPP) is an open, open XML
   [1] protocol for near-real-time messaging and presence.  Currently,
   there exist multiple implementations of  The protocol
   was developed originally within the protocol, mostly offered Jabber community starting in
   1998, and since 2001 has continued to evolve under the name auspices of Jabber.
   the Jabber Software Foundation and now the XMPP WG.  Currently, there
   exist multiple implementations of the protocol, mostly offered under
   the name of Jabber.  In addition, there are countless deployments of
   these implementations, which provide instant messaging (IM) and
   presence services at and among thousands of domains to a user base
   that is estimated at over one million end users.  The current
   document defines the core constituents of XMPP; XMPP IM [2] defines
   the extensions necessary to provide basic instant messaging and
   presence functionality that addresses the requirements defined in RFC
   2779 [3].

1.2 Conventions Used in this Document

   The capitalized key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL",
   "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED",  "MAY", and
   "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC
   2119 [4].

1.3 Discussion Venue

   The authors welcome discussion and comments related to the topics
   presented in this document, preferably on the "xmppwg@jabber.org"
   mailing list (archives and subscription information are available at
   http://www.jabber.org/cgi-bin/mailman/listinfo/xmppwg/).

1.4 Intellectual Property Notice

   This document is in full compliance with all provisions of Section 10
   of RFC 2026.  Parts of this specification use the term "jabber" for
   identifying namespaces and other protocol syntax.  Jabber[tm] is a
   registered trademark of Jabber, Inc.  Jabber, Inc.  grants permission
   to the IETF for use of the Jabber trademark in association with this
   specification and its successors, if any.










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2. Generalized Architecture

2.1 Overview

   Although XMPP is not wedded to any specific network architecture, to
   this point it has usually been implemented via a typical client-
   server architecture, wherein a client utilizing XMPP accesses a
   server over a TCP [5] socket.  While it can be helpful to keep that
   specific architecture in mind when seeking to understand XMPP, we
   have herein abstracted from any specific architecture and have
   described the architecture in a more generalized fashion.

   The following diagram provides a high-level overview of this
   generalized
   architecture (where "-" represents communications that use XMPP and
   "=" represents communications that use any other protocol).

   Connection Map

       S1       S2
        \      /
   N1

   C1 -  H1  S1 - H2 S2 - N3 C3
        /  \
   N2
   C2 -     G1 = F1 FN1 = C1 FC1

   The symbols are as follows:

   o  N1, N2, N3 -- Nodes on the Jabber network

   o  H1, H2  C1, C2, C3 -- Hosts on the Jabber network XMPP clients

   o  S1, S2 -- Services that add functionality to a primary host XMPP servers

   o  G1 -- A gateway that translates between XMPP and the protocol(s)
      used on a foreign messaging network

   o  F1  FN1 -- A foreign messaging network

   o  C1  FC1 -- A client on a foreign messaging network


2.2 Host Server

   A host server acts as an intelligent abstraction layer for XMPP
   communications.  Its primary responsibilities are to manage
   connections from or sessions for other entities (in the form of XML
   streams to and from authorized nodes, trusted services, clients and other
   hosts) servers) and to
   route appropriately-addressed XML data "chunks" "stanzas" among



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   over XML streams.  Most XMPP-compliant hosts servers also assume
   responsibility for the storage of data that is used by nodes
   or services clients (e.g.,
   the contact list for each IM user); in this case, the XML data is
   processed directly by the host server itself on behalf of the node or service client and
   is not routed to another entity.  Compliant server implementations
   MUST ensure in-order processing of XML stanzas received from
   connected clients, servers, and services.






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2.3 Node Client

   Most nodes clients connect directly to a host server over a TCP socket and use
   XMPP to take full advantage of the functionality provided by a host server
   and
   its any associated services.  (Clients on foreign messaging networks
   may also be part of the architecture, made accessable via a gateway
   to that network.) Multiple resources (e.g., devices or locations) MAY
   connect simultaneously to a host server on behalf of each authorized node,
   client, with each resource connecting over a discrete TCP socket and
   differentiated by the resource identifier of a JID Jabber ID (Section 3)
   (e.g.,
   node@host/home user@domain/home vs.  node@host/work).  user@domain/work).  The port assigned by
   the IANA [6] for connections between a Jabber node client and a Jabber host
   server is 5222.  For further details about node-to-host client-to-server
   communications for the purpose of instant messaging and presence,
   refer to XMPP IM [2].

2.4 Service

   In addition to the basic functionality provided by a host, additional
   functionality is made possible by connecting trusted services to a
   host.  Examples include multi-user chat (a.k.a.  conferencing), real-
   time alert systems, custom authentication modules, database
   connectivity, and translation to foreign messaging protocols.  There
   is no set port on which services communicate with hosts; this is left
   up to the administrator of the service or host.  Communications
   between services and hosts are not defined in this document.

2.4.1 Gateway

   A gateway is a special-purpose server-side service whose primary
   function is to translate XMPP into the protocol(s) of another
   messaging system, as well as to translate the return data back into
   XMPP.  Examples are gateways to Internet Relay Chat (IRC), Short
   Message Service (SMS), SMTP, and foreign instant messaging networks
   such as Yahoo!, MSN, ICQ, and AIM.  Communications between gateways
   and hosts, servers, and between gateways and the foreign messaging system,
   are not defined in this document.

2.5 Network

   Because each host server is identified by a network address (typically a
   DNS hostname) and because host-to-host server-to-server communications are a
   simple extension of the node-to-host client-to-server protocol, in practice the
   system



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   a@host1
   user-a@domain1 is able to exchange messages, presence, and other
   information with node-b@host2. user-b@domain2.  This pattern is familiar from
   messaging protocols (such as SMTP) that make use of network
   addressing standards.  The usual method for providing a connection
   between two hosts servers is to open a TCP socket on the IANA-assigned port
   5269 and to negotiate a connection using the Dialback Protocol
   (Section 5.2) as defined in this document.











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3. Addressing Scheme

3.1 Overview

   Any entity that can be considered a network endpoint (i.e., an ID on
   the network) and that can communicate using XMPP is considered a
   Jabber Entity.  All such entities are uniquely addressable in a form
   that is consistent with RFC 2396 [7].  In particular, a valid Jabber
   Identifier (JID) contains a set of ordered elements formed of a
   domain identifier, node identifier, and resource identifier in the
   following format: [node@]domain[/resource].

   All JIDs are based on the foregoing structure.  The most common use
   of this structure is to identify an IM user, the host server to which the
   user connects, and the user's active session or connection (e.g., a
   specific client) in the form of user@host/resource. user@domain/resource.  However, node
   types other nodes than clients are possible; for example, a specific conference chat
   room is offered by a multi-user chat service is addressed as
   room@service, where "room" is the name of the chat room and "service"
   is the hostname of the multi-user chat service.

3.2 Domain Identifier

   The domain identifier is the primary identifier and is the only
   required
   REQUIRED element of a JID (a simple domain identifier is a valid
   JID).  It usually represents the network gateway or "primary" host server
   to which other entities connect for XML routing and data management
   capabilities.  However, the entity referenced by a domain identifier
   is not always a host, server, and may be a service that is addressed as a
   subdomain of a host server and that provides functionality above and
   beyond the capabilities of a host server (a multi-user chat service, a
   user directory, a gateway to a foreign messaging system, etc.).

   The domain identifier for every host server or service that will
   communicate over a network SHOULD resolve to a Fully Qualified Domain
   Name, and a domain identifier SHOULD conform to RRC 952 [8] and REF
   1123 [9].  Specifically, a domain identifier is case-insensitive 7-bit 7-
   bit ASCII and is limited to 255 bytes.

3.3 Node Identifier

   The node identifier is an optional secondary identifier.  It usually
   represents the entity requesting and using network access provided by
   the host server or gateway (e.g., a client), although it can also
   represent other kinds of entities (e.g., a multi-user chat room
   associated with a
   conference multi-user chat service).  The entity represented
   by a node identifier is addressed within the context of a specific
   domain (e.g., user@host). user@domain).  Node identifiers are restricted to 256 bytes.  A node identifier may
   contain any Unicode character higher than #x20 with the exception of



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   bytes.  A node identifier MAY contain any Unicode character higher
   than #x20 with the exception of the following:

   o  #x22 (")

   o  #x26 (&)

   o  #x27 (')

   o  #x3A (:)

   o  #x3C (<)

   o  #x3E (>)

   o  #x40 (@)

   o  #x7F (del)

   o  #xFFFE (BOM)

   o  #xFFFF (BOM)

   Case is preserved, but comparisons are made in case-normalized
   canonical form.

3.4 Resource Identifier

   The resource identifer is an optional third identifier.  It
   represents a specific session, connection (e.g., a device or
   location), or object (e.g., a participant in a multi-user chat room)
   belonging to the entity associated with a node.  A node identifier.  An entity
   may maintain multiple resources simultaneously.  A resource
   identifier is restricted to 256 bytes in length.  A resource
   identifier MAY include any Unicode character greater than #x20,
   except #xFFFE and #xFFFF; if the Unicode character is a valid XML
   character as defined in Section 2.2 of the XML specification [1], it
   MUST be suitably escaped for inclusion within an XML stream.
   Resource identifiers are case sensitive.

3.5 URIs

   Full conformance with [7] would be valuable.  This would most likely
   be effected through use of an 'xmpp:' URI scheme of the following
   form:

   <xmpp>:[<node-identifier>@]<domain-identifier>[?<query>]

   At a minimum, the 'message' and 'presence' query types would be
   defined, with the likely addition of query types for 'subscribe' (to



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   manage a subscription to teh presence of another entity) and 'roster'
   (to manage the representation of another entity in one's contact
   list).  However, the use of such URIs has not yet been standardized.












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4. XML Streams

4.1 Overview

   Two fundamental concepts make possible the rapid, asynchronous
   exchange of relatively small payloads of structured information
   between presence-aware entities: XML streams and, as a result,
   discrete units of structured information that are referred to as "XML
   chunks".
   stanzas".  (Note: in this overview we use the example of
   communications between a node client and host; server; however XML streams are
   more generalized and may be used for communications among hosts from server to
   server and
   services from service to server as well.)

   In order to connect to a host, server, a node client must initiate an XML stream
   by sending a <stream> tag to the host, server, optionally preceded by a
   text declaration specifying the XML version supported and the
   character encoding.  A compliant entity must MUST accept any namespace
   prefix on the <stream/> element; however, for historical reasons some
   entities may MAY accept only a 'stream' prefix, resulting in use of a
   <stream:stream/> element.  The host should server SHOULD then reply with a second
   XML stream back to the node, client, again optionally preceded by a text
   declaration.

   Within the context of an XML stream, a sender may is able to send a
   discrete semantic unit of structured information to any recipient.
   This unit of structured information is a well-balanced XML chunk, stanza,
   such as a message, presence, or IQ chunk stanza (a chunk stanza of an XML
   document is said to be well-balanced if it matches production [43]
   content of the XML specification [1]).  These chunks stanzas exist at the
   direct child level (depth=1) of the root <stream/> element.  The
   start of any XML chunk stanza is unambiguously denoted by the element start
   tag at depth=1 (e.g., <presence>), and the end of any XML chunk stanza is
   unambiguously denoted by the corresponding close tag at depth=1
   (e.g., </presence>).  Each XML
   chunk may stanza MAY contain child elements or
   CDATA sections as necessary in order to convey the desired
   information from the sender to the recipient.  The session is closed
   at the node's client's request by sending a closing </stream> tag to the host.
   server.

   Thus a node's client's session with a host server can be seen as two open-ended
   XML documents that are built up through the accumulation of the XML
   chunks
   stanzas that are sent over the course of the session (one from the
   node
   client to the host server and one from the host server to the node), client), and the
   root <stream/> element may can be considered the document entity for
   those streams.  In essence, then, an XML stream acts as an envelope
   for all the XML chunks stanzas sent during a session.  We can represent this
   graphically as follows:




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   |-------------------|
   | <stream>          |
   |-------------------|
   | <message to=''>   |
   |   <body/>         |
   | </message>        |
   |-------------------|
   | <presence to=''>  |
   |   <show/>         |
   | </presence>       |
   |-------------------|
   | <iq to=''>        |
   |   <query/>        |
   | </iq>             |
   |-------------------|
   | </stream>         |
   |-------------------|


4.2 Restrictions

   XML streams are used to transport a subset of XML.  Specifically, XML
   streams SHOULD NOT contain processing instructions, non-predefined
   entities (as defined in Section 4.6 of the XML specification [1]),
   comments, or DTDs.  Any such XML data SHOULD be ignored.

4.3 Stream Attributes

   The attributes of the stream element are as follows (we now
   generalize the endpoints by using the terms "initiating entity" and
   "receiving entity"):

   o  to -- The 'to' attribute should SHOULD be used only in the XML stream
      from the initiating entity to the receiving entity, and must MUST be
      set to the JID of the receiving entity.  There should SHOULD be no 'to'
      attribute set in the XML stream by which the receiving entity
      replies to the initiating entity; however, if a 'to' attribute is
      included, it SHOULD be ignored by the receiving entity.

   o  from -- The 'from' attribute should SHOULD be used only in the XML stream
      from the receiving entity to the initiating entity, and must MUST be
      set to the JID of the receiving entity granting access to the
      initiating entity.  There should SHOULD be no 'from' attribute on the XML
      stream sent from the initiating entity to the receiving entity;
      however, if a 'from' attribute is included, it SHOULD be ignored
      by the receiving entity.

   o  id -- The 'id' attribute should SHOULD be used only in the XML stream



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      from the receiving entity to the initiating entity.  This
      attribute is a unique identifier created by the receiving entity
      to function as a session key for the initiating entity's session
      with the receiving entity.  There should SHOULD be no 'id' attribute on
      the XML stream sent from the initiating entity to the receiving
      entity; however, if an 'id' attribute is included, it SHOULD be
      ignored by the receiving entity.

   We can summarize these values as follows:

         |  initiating to receiving  |  receiving to initiating
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   to    |  JID of receiver          |  ignored
   from  |  ignored                  |  JID of receiver
   id    |  ignored                  |  session key


4.4 Namespace Declarations  The stream element may also contain namespace declarations 'id' attribute is of type ID
      as defined in [11].

   A stream namespace declaration is REQUIRED in both section 3.3.1 of the XML streams.  A
   compliant entity must accept any namespace prefix on specification [1] and
      therefore MUST match the <stream/>
   element; however, for historical Name production as defined in section 2.3
      of the XML specification [1].  Validity contraints on names within
      XML documents (but not XML streams) are defined in the XML
      specification [1]; however, because the stream in one direction
      can be seen as a document that is built up over the length of a
      session, at a minimum the value of an 'id' attribute MUST be
      unique within that stream.

   o  version -- The 'version' attribute MAY be used in the XML stream
      from the initiating entity to the receiving entity in order signal
      compliance with the protocol defined herein; this is done by
      setting the value of the attribute to "1.0".  If the initiating
      entity includes the version attribute, the receiving entity MUST
      reciprocate by including the attribute in its response (if the
      receiving entity supports XMPP 1.0).

   We can summarize these values as follows:

           |  initiating to receiving  |  receiving to initiating
   ------------------------------------------------------------
   to      |  JID of receiver          |  ignored
   from    |  ignored                  |  JID of receiver
   id      |  ignored                  |  session key
   version |  signals XMPP 1.0 support |  signals XMPP 1.0 support


4.4 Namespace Declarations

   The stream element MAY also contain namespace declarations as defined
   in the XML namespaces specification [11].

   A stream namespace declaration is REQUIRED in both XML streams.  A
   compliant entity MUST accept any namespace prefix on the <stream/>
   element; however, for historical reasons some entities may MAY accept
   only a 'stream' prefix, resulting in use of a <stream:stream/>
   element as the stream root.  The value of the stream namespace MUST
   be "http://etherx.jabber.org/streams".

   A default namespace declaration ('xmlns') is REQUIRED and is used in
   both XML streams in order to scope the allowable first-level children



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   of the root stream element for both streams.  This namespace
   declaration must MUST be the same for the initiating stream and the
   responding stream so that both streams are scoped consistently.  The
   default namespace declaration applies to the stream and all stanzas
   sent within a stream.

   XML streams function as containers for any XML chunks stanzas sent
   asynchronously between network endpoints.  It should be possible to
   scope an XML stream with any default namespace declaration, i.e., it
   should be possible to send any properly-namespaced XML chunk stanza over an
   XML stream.  However, for  A compliant implementation MUST support the following
   two namespaces (for historical reasons reasons, existing implementations
   will MAY
   support only the following these two default namespaces: namespaces):

   o  jabber:client -- this default namespace is declared when the
      stream is used for communications between a node client and a host server

   o  jabber:server -- this default namespace is declared when the
      stream is used for communications between two hosts




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   o  jabber:component:accept or jabber:component:connect -- one of
      these default servers

   The jabber:client and jabber:server namespaces is declared when the stream is are nearly identical
   but are used in different contexts (client-to-server communications
   for jabber:client and server-to-server communications for
   jabber:server).  The only difference between a host the two is that the 'to'
   and 'from' attributes are OPTIONAL on stanzas sent within
   jabber:client, whereas they are REQUIRED on stanzas sent within
   jabber:server.  If a trusted service

   This document addresses compliant implementation accepts a stream that
   is scoped by the jabber:client 'jabber:client' or 'jabber:server' namespace, it
   MUST support all three core stanza types (message, presence, and jabber:server
   namespaces only (indeed these two namespaces have identical schemas). IQ)
   as described herein and defined in the DTD and schema.

4.5 Stream Features

   The jabber:component:* namespaces root stream element MAY contain a features child element (e.g.,
   <stream:features/> if the stream namespace prefix is 'stream').  This
   is used to communicate generic stream-level capabilities including
   stream-level features that can be negotiated as the streams are outside set
   up.  If the scope of initiating entity sends a "version='1.0'" attribute in
   its initiating stream element, the receiving entity MUST send a
   features child element to the initiating entity if there are any
   capabilities that need to be advertised or features that can be
   negotiated for the stream.  Currently this
   document.

4.5 is used for SASL and TLS
   negotiation only, but it could be used for other negotiable features
   in the future.  Examples are shown under Stream Authentication
   (Section 5) below.






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4.6 Stream Errors

   The root stream element MAY contain an error child element (e.g.,
   <stream:error/> if the stream namespace prefix is 'stream').  The
   error child is used to signify SHOULD be sent by a Jabber entity (usually a server
   rather than a client) if it perceives that a stream-level error has
   occurred.  Examples include the sending of invalid XML, the shutdown
   of a host, server, an internal server error such as the shutdown of a
   session manager, and an attempt by a node client to authenticate as the
   same resource that is currently connected.  If an error occurs at the
   level of the stream, the entity (initiating entity or receiving
   entity) that detects the error should SHOULD send a stream error to the
   other entity specifying why the streams are being closed and then
   send a closing </stream> tag.  XML of the following form is sent
   within the context of an existing stream:

   <stream:stream ...>
   ...
   <stream:error>
     Error message (e.g., "Invalid XML")
   </stream:error>
   </stream:stream>


4.6


4.7 Simple Streams Example

   The following is a simple stream-based session of a node client on a host
   server (where the NODE "C" lines are sent from the node client to the host, server,
   and the
   HOST "S" lines are sent from the host server to the node): client):






















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   A simple session:

   NODE:

   C: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             to='host'
          to='server'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   HOST:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   S: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             from='host'
          from='server'
          id='id_123456789'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   NODE:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   ... authentication ...
   C:   <message from='node@host' to='receiving-ID'>
   NODE: from='me@mydomain' to='you@yourdomain'>
   C:     <body>Watson come here, I need you!</body>
   NODE:
   C:   </message>
   HOST:
   S:   <message from='receiving-ID' to='node@host'>
   HOST: from='you@yourdomain' to='me@mydomain'>
   S:     <body>I'm on my way!</body>
   HOST:
   S:   </message>
   NODE:
   C: </stream:stream>
   HOST:
   S: </stream:stream>

   These are in actuality a sending stream and a receiving stream, which
   can be viewed a-chronologically as two XML documents:

   NODE:
























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   C: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             to='host'
          to='server'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   NODE:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   C:   <message from='node@host' to='receiving-ID'>
   NODE: from='me@mydomain' to='you@yourdomain'>
   C:     <body>Watson come here, I need you!</body>
   NODE:
   C:   </message>
   NODE:
   C: </stream:stream>

   HOST:

   S: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             from='host'
          from='server'
          id='id_123456789'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   HOST:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   S:   <message from='receiving-ID' to='node@host'>
   HOST: from='you@yourdomain' to='me@mydomain'>
   S:     <body>I'm on my way!</body>
   HOST:
   S:   </message>
   HOST:
   S: </stream:stream>






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   A session gone bad:

   NODE:

   C: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             to='host'
          to='server'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   HOST:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   S: <?xml version='1.0'?>
      <stream:stream
             from='host'
          from='server'
          id='id_123456789'
          xmlns='jabber:client'
             xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'>
   NODE:
          xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
          version='1.0'>
   C: <message><body>Bad XML, no closing body tag!</message>
   HOST:
   S: <stream:error>Invalid XML</stream:error>
   HOST:
   S: </stream:stream>










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5. Stream Authentication

   XMPP includes two methods for enforcing authentication at the level
   of XML streams.  When one entity is already known to another (i.e.,
   there is an existing trust relationship between the entities such as
   that established when a node user registers with a host server or an
   administrator configures a host server to trust a service), the preferred
   method for authenticating streams between the two entities uses an
   XMPP adaptation of the Simple Authentication and Security Layer
   (SASL) [10].  When there is no existing trust relationship between
   the two entities, such trust MAY be established based on existing
   trust in DNS; the authentication method used when two such entities
   are hosts servers is the server dialback protocol that is native to XMPP.
   Both of these methods are described in this section.

5.1 SASL Authentication

5.1.1 Overview

   The Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) provides a
   generalized method for adding authentication support to connection-
   based protocols.  XMPP uses a generic XML namespace profile for SASL
   that conforms to section 4 ("Profiling Requirements") of RFC 2222
   [10] (the namespace identifier for this protocol is http://www.iana.org/
   assignments/sasl-mechanisms). http://
   www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms).  If an entity (node, host, (client,
   server, or service) is capable of authenticating by means of SASL, it
   MUST include the agreed-upon SASL namespace within the opening root
   stream tag it uses to initiate communications.

   The following example shows the use of SASL in node client authentication
   with a host, server, for which the steps involved are as follows:

   1.  The node client requests SASL authentication by including the
       appropriate namespace declaration (xmlns:sasl='http://
       www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms') in the opening XML
       stream header sent to the host. server.

   2.  The host server includes the xmlns:sasl namespace declaration in the
       XML stream header sent in reply to the node. client.

   3.  The host server responds with a list of available SASL authentication
       mechanisms, each of which is a <mechanism/> element included as a
       child within a <mechanisms/> container element that is sent as a
       first-level child of the root <stream/> element.

   4.  The node client selects a mechanism by sending a <sasl:auth/> element
       to the host; server; this element MAY optionally contain character
       data.



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   5.  If necessary, the host server challenges the node client by sending a
       <sasl:challenge/> element to the node; client; this element MAY
       optionally contain character data.

   6.  The node client responds to challenge by sending a <sasl:response/>
       element to the host; server; this element MAY optionally contain
       character data.

   7.  If necessary, the host server sends more challenges and the node client
       sends more responses.

   This series of challenge/response pairs continues until one of three
   things happens:

   o  The node client aborts the handshake by sending a <sasl:abort/> element
      to the host. server.

   o  The host server reports failure by sending a <sasl:failure/> element to
      the node. client.

   o  The host server reports success by sending a <sasl:success/> element to
      the node; client; this element MAY optionally contain character data.

   Any character data contained within these elements MUST be encoded
   using base64.

5.1.2 Example

   The following example shows the data flow for a node client authenticating
   with a host server using SASL.

   Step 1: Node Client initiates stream to host: server:

   <stream:stream
       xmlns='jabber:client'
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns:sasl='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
       to='capulet.com'
       version='1.0'>













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   Step 2: Host Server responds with a stream tag sent to the node: client:

   <stream:stream
       xmlns='jabber:client'
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns:sasl='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
       id='12345678'
       version='1.0'>

   Step 3: Host Server informs node client of available authentication mechanisms:

   <sasl:features>

   <stream:features>
     <mechanisms xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'>
       <mechanism>DIGEST-MD5</mechanism>
       <mechanism>PLAIN</mechanism>
     </mechanisms>
     <starttls xmlns='http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt'/>
   </sasl:features>
   </stream:features>

   Step 4: Node Client selects an authentication mechanism:

   <sasl:auth

   <auth
       xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
       mechanism='DIGEST-MD5'/>

   Step 5: Host Server sends a challenge to the node:

   <sasl:challenge> client:

   <challenge xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'>
       cmVhbG09ImNhdGFjbHlzbS5jeCIsbm9uY2U9Ik9BNk1HOXRFUUdtMmhoIi
       xxb3A9ImF1dGgiLGNoYXJzZXQ9dXRmLTgsYWxnb3JpdGhtPW1kNS1zZXNz
   </sasl:challenge>
   </challenge>

   Step 6: Node Client responds to the challenge:

   <sasl:response>

   <response xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'>
       dXNlcm5hbWU9InJvYiIscmVhbG09ImNhdGFjbHlzbS5jeCIsbm9uY2U9Ik
       9BNk1HOXRFUUdtMmhoIixjbm9uY2U9Ik9BNk1IWGg2VnFUclJrIixuYz0w
       MDAwMDAwMSxxb3A9YXV0aCxkaWdlc3QtdXJpPSJqYWJiZXIvY2F0YWNseX
       NtLmN4IixyZXNwb25zZT1kMzg4ZGFkOTBkNGJiZDc2MGExNTIzMjFmMjE0
       M2FmNyxjaGFyc2V0PXV0Zi04
   </sasl:response>
   </response>

   Step 7: Host Server sends another challenge to the node:

   <sasl:challenge> client:

   <challenge xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'>
       cnNwYXV0aD1lYTQwZjYwMzM1YzQyN2I1NTI3Yjg0ZGJhYmNkZmZmZA==
   </sasl:challenge>
   </challenge>






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   Step 8: Node Client responds to the challenge:

   <sasl:response/>

   <response xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'/>

   Step 9: Host Server informs node client of successful authentication:

   <sasl:success/>

   <success xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'/>

   Step 9 (alt): Host Server informs node client of failed authentication:

   <sasl:failure/>

   <failure xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'/>


5.2 Dialback Authentication

   XMPP includes a protocol-level method for verifying that a connection
   between two hosts may servers can be trusted. trusted to some degree.  The method is
   called dialback and is used only within XML streams that are declared
   under the "jabber:server" namespace.

   The purpose of the dialback protocol is to make server spoofing more
   difficult, and thus to make it more difficult to forge XML chunks. stanzas.
   Dialback is not intended as a mechanism for securing or encrypting
   the streams between servers, only for helping to prevent the spoofing
   of a hostname server and the sending of false data from it.  Dialback is made
   possible by the existence of DNS, since one host server can verify that
   another host server which is connecting to it is authorized to represent a
   given host server on the Jabber network.  All DNS host hostname resolutions must
   MUST first resolve the host hostname using an SRV [12] [13] record of _jabber._tcp.host.
   _jabber._tcp.server.  If the SRV lookup fails, the fallback is a
   normal A lookup to determine the IP address, using the jabber-server
   port of 5269 assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority [6].

   Note that the method used to generate and verify the keys used in the
   dialback protocol must MUST take into account the hostnames being used,
   along with a secret known only by the receiving host server and the random
   id per stream.  Generating unique but verifiable keys is important to
   prevent common man-in-the-middle attacks and host server spoofing.

   In the description that follows we use the following terminology:

   o  Originating Host Server -- the host server that is attempting to establish a
      connection between the two hosts servers

   o  Receiving Host Server -- the host server that is trying to authenticate that
      the Originating Host Server represents the Jabber host server which it
      claims to be




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   o  Authoritative Host Server -- the host server which is given when a DNS
      lookup is



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      initially gave; for simple environments this will be the
      Originating Host, Server, but it could be a separate machine in the
      Originating Host's Server's network

   The following is a brief summary of the order of events in dialback:

   1.  Originating Host Server establishes a connection to Receiving Host. Server.

   2.  Originating Host Server sends a 'key' value over the connection to
       Receiving Host. Server.

   3.  Receiving Host Server establishes a connection to Authoritative Host.
       Server.

   4.  Receiving Host Server sends the same 'key' value to Authoritative Host.
       Server.

   5.  Authoritative Host Server replies that key is valid or invalid.

   6.  Receiving Host Server tells Originating Host Server whether it is
       authenticated or not.

   We can represent this flow of events graphically as follows:


























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   Originating               Receiving
      Host                     Host
      Server                     Server
   -----------               ---------
       |                         |
       |  establish connection   |
       | ----------------------> |
       |                         |
       |   send stream header    |
       | ----------------------> |
       |                         |
       |  establish connection   |
       | <---------------------- |
       |                         |
       |   send stream header    |
       | <---------------------- |
       |                         |                   Authoritative
       |   send dialback key     |                       Host                       Server
       | ----------------------> |                   -------------
       |                         |                         |
                                 |  establish connection   |
                                 | ----------------------> |
                                 |                         |
                                 |   send stream header    |
                                 | ----------------------> |
                                 |                         |
                                 |   send stream header    |
                                 | <---------------------- |
                                 |                         |
                                 |   send dialback key     |
                                 | ----------------------> |
                                 |                         |
                                 |  validate dialback key  |
                                 | <---------------------- |
                                 |
       |  report dialback result |
       | <---------------------- |
       |                         |


5.2.1 Dialback Protocol

   The traffic sent between the hosts servers is as follows:

   1.   Originating Host Server establishes connection to Receiving Host Server

   2.   Originating Host Server sends a stream header to Receiving Host Server
        (the 'to' and 'from' attributes are not required): NOT REQUIRED on the root
        stream element):



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   <stream:stream
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='jabber:server'
       xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'>

        Note: the value of the xmlns:db namespace declaration indicates
        to Receiving Host Server that the Originating Host Server supports
        dialback.

   3.   Receiving Host Server sends a stream header back to Originating Host
        Server (the 'to' and 'from' attributes are not required): NOT REQUIRED on the
        root stream element):

   <stream:stream
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='jabber:server'
       xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'
       id='457F9224A0...'>

   4.   Originating Host Server sends a dialback key to Receiving Host: Server:

   <db:result
       to='Receiving Host' Server'
       from='Originating Host'> Server'>
     98AF014EDC0...
   </db:result>

        Note: this key is not examined by Receiving Host, Server, since the
        Receiving Host Server does not keep information about Originating Host
        Server between sessions.

   5.   Receiving Host Server now establishes a connection back to
        Originating
        Host, Server, getting the Authoritative Host. Server.

   6.   Receiving Host Server sends Authoritative Host Server a stream header (the
        'to' and 'from' attributes are not required): NOT REQUIRED on the root stream
        element):

   <stream:stream
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='jabber:server'
       xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'>

   7.   Authoritative Host Server sends Receiving Host Server a stream header:

   <stream:stream
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='jabber:server'
       xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'
       id='1251A342B...'>







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   <stream:stream
       xmlns:stream='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='jabber:server'
       xmlns:db='jabber:server:dialback'
       id='1251A342B...'>

   8.   Receiving Host Server sends Authoritative Host Server a chunk stanza indicating
        it wants Authoritative Host Server to verify a key:

   <db:verify
       from='Receiving Host' Server'
       to='Originating Host' Server'
       id='457F9224A0...'>
     98AF014EDC0...
   </db:verify>

        Note: passed here are the hostnames, the original identifier
        from Receiving Host's Server's stream header to Originating Host Server in
        step 2, and the key Originating Host Server gave Receiving Host Server in
        step 3.  Based on this information and shared secret information
        within the 'Originating Host' Server' network, the key is verified.
        Any verifiable method can be used to generate the key.

   9.   Authoritative Host Server sends a chunk stanza back to Receiving Host
        indicating Server
        verifying whether the key was valid or invalid:

   <db:result

   <db:verify
       from='Originating Host' Server'
       to='Receiving Host' Server'
       type='valid'
       id='457F9224A0...'/>

         or

   <db:result

   <db:verify
       from='Originating Host' Server'
       to='Receiving Host' Server'
       type='invalid'
       id='457F9224A0...'/>

   10.  Receiving Host Server informs Originating Host Server of the result:










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   <db:result
       from='Receiving Host' Server'
       to='Originating Host' Server'
       type='valid'/>

        Note: At this point the connection has either been validated via
        a type='valid', or reported as invalid.  Once the connection is
        validated, data can be sent by the Originating Host Server and read
        by the Receiving Host; Server; before that, all data chunks stanzas sent to
        Receiving Host Server SHOULD be dropped.  As a final guard against
        domain spoofing, the Receiving Host Server MUST verify that all XML
        chunks
        stanzas received from the Originating Host Server include a 'from'



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        attribute and that from address the value of each chunk that attribute includes the
        validated domain.  In addition, all XML chunks of type message,
        presence, and IQ stanzas MUST include a
        'to' attribute.




































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6. Core Data Elements XML Stanzas

6.1 Overview

   The

   There are three core data elements for XMPP communications are <message/>, communications: <message/
   >, <presence/>, and <iq/>.  These data elements are sent as direct
   (depth=1) children of the root <stream/> element and are scoped by
   one of the default namespaces identified in Section 4.4.  Any such
   direct child element of the root stream element is called an "XML
   stanza".

6.2 Common Attributes

   Four attributes are common to message, presence, and IQ chunks. stanzas.
   These are defined below.

6.2.1 to

   The 'to' attribute specifies the JID of the intended recipient for
   the chunk.  A chunk stanza.  In the 'jabber:client' namespace, a stanza SHOULD
   possess a 'to' attribute.  A chunk attribute, although a stanza sent from a node client to a host
   server for handling by that host server (e.g., presence sent to the host server
   for broadcasting to other entities) MAY legitimately lack a 'to'
   attribute.  In the 'jabber:server' namespace, a stanza MUST possess a
   'to' attribute.

6.2.2 from

   The 'from' attribute specifies the JID of the sender.

   A node

   In the 'jabber:client' namespace, a client MUST NOT include a 'from'
   attribute on the chunks stanzas it sends to a host; server; if a host server receives a chunk
   stanza from a node client and the chunk stanza possesses a 'from' attribute, it must
   MUST ignore the value of the 'from' attribute.  A host  In addition, a server
   MUST stamp chunks stanzas received from a node client with the
   user@host/resource user@domain/
   resource (full JID) of the connected resource that generated the chunk.
   stanza.  In the 'jabber:server' namespace, a stanza MUST possess a
   'from' attribute.

   A host server MUST include a 'from' attribute on chunks stanzas it routes to
   other
   hosts. servers.  The domain identifier of the JID contained in the
   'from' attribute MUST match the hostname of the host server as
   communicated in the dialback negotiation (or a subdomain thereof).

6.2.3 id

   The optional 'id' attribute may MAY be used to track chunks stanzas sent and
   received.  The 'id' attribute is generated by the sender.  An 'id'



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   attribute included in an IQ request of type "get" or "set" SHOULD be
   returned to the sender in any IQ response of type "result" or "error"
   generated by the recipient of the request.  A recipient of a message
   or presence chunk stanza MAY return that 'id' in any replies, but is not
   required NOT
   REQUIRED to do so.




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   The 'id' attribute is of type ID as defined in section 3.3.1 of the
   XML specification [1] and therefore MUST match the Name production as
   defined in section 2.3 of the XML specification [1].  Validity
   contraints on names within XML documents (but not XML streams) are
   defined in the XML specification [1]; however, because the stream in
   one direction can be seen as a document that is built up over the
   length of a session, at a minimum the value of an 'id' attribute MUST
   be unique within that stream.

6.2.4 type

   The 'type' attribute specifies detailed information about the purpose
   or context of the message, presence, or IQ chunk. stanza.  The particular
   allowable values for the 'type' attribute vary depending on whether
   the chunk stanza is a message, presence, or IQ, and thus are specified in
   the following sections.

6.3 Message Chunks

   Message chunks in the 'jabber:client'

6.2.5 xml:lang

   Any message or 'jabber:server' namespace
   are used to "push" information to another entity.  Common presence stanza MAY possess an 'xml:lang' attribute
   specifying the default language of any CDATA sections of the stanza
   or its child elements.  An IQ stanza SHOULD NOT possess an 'xml:lang'
   attribute, since it is merely a vessel for data in other namespaces
   and does not itself contain children that have CDATA.  The value of
   the 'xml:lang' attribute MUST be a NMTOKEN and MUST conform to the
   format defined in RFC 3066 [12].

6.3 Message Stanzas

   Message stanzas in the 'jabber:client' or 'jabber:server' namespace
   are used to "push" information to another entity.  Common uses in the
   context of instant messaging include single messages, messages sent
   in the context of a chat conversation, messages sent in the context
   of a multi-user chat room, headlines, and errors.  These messages
   types are identified more fully below.

6.3.1 Types of Message

   The 'type' attribute of a message chunk stanza is optional and specifies
   the conversational context of the message.  The sending of a message
   chunk
   stanza without a 'type' attribute signals that the message chunk stanza is
   a single message.  However, the 'type' attribute may MAY also have one of



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   the following values:

   o  chat -- The message is sent in the context of a one-to-one chat
      conversation.

   o  groupchat -- The message is sent in the context of a multi-user
      chat environment.

   o  headline -- The message is generated by an automated service that
      delivers content (news, sports, market information, etc.).

   o  error - A message returned to a sender specifying an error
      associated with a previous message sent by the sender (for a full
      list of error messages, see error codes (Appendix A))

   For detailed information about these message types, refer to XMPP IM
   [2].

6.3.2 Children

   If a message chunk stanza in the 'jabber:client' or 'jabber:server'
   namespace has no 'type' attribute or has a 'type' attribute with a
   value of "chat", "groupchat", or "headline", it MAY contain zero or
   one of each any of
   the following child elements (which MUST NOT contain mixed content):



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   o  body -- The textual contents of the message; normally included but
      not required.
      NOT REQUIRED.  The <body/> element MUST NOT have possess any attributes.
      attributes, with the exception of the 'xml:lang' attribute.
      Multiple instances of the <body/> element MAY be included but only
      if each instance possesses an 'xml:lang' attribute with a distinct
      language value.

   o  subject -- The subject of the message.  The <subject/> element
      MUST NOT have possess any attributes. attributes, with the exception of the
      'xml:lang' attribute.  Multiple instances of the <subject/>
      element MAY be included but only if each instance possesses an
      'xml:lang' attribute with a distinct language value.

   o  thread -- A random string that is generated by the sender and that
      MAY be copied back in replies; it is used for tracking a
      conversation thread.  The thread between two entities.  If used, it MUST be
      unique to that conversation thread within the stream and MUST be
      consistent throughout that conversation.  Only one <thread/>
      element MAY be included in a message stanza, and it MUST NOT have
      possess any attributes.

   If the message chunk stanza is of type "error", it MUST include an <error/>
   child, which in turn MUST possess a 'code' attribute corresponding to



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   one of the standard error codes (Appendix A) A), MAY possess an
   'xml:lang' attribute, and MAY also contain PCDATA corresponding to a
   natural-language description of the error.  An <error/> child MUST
   NOT be included if the chunk stanza type is anything other than "error".

   As described under extended namespaces (Section 6.6), a message chunk
   stanza MAY also contain any properly-namespaced child element (other
   than the core data elements, stream elements, or defined children
   thereof).

6.4 Presence Chunks Stanzas

   Presence chunks stanzas are used in the 'jabber:client' or 'jabber:server'
   namespace to express an entity's current availability status (offline
   or online, along with various sub-states of the latter) and to
   communicate that status to other entities.  They are also used to
   negotiate and manage subscriptions to the presence of other entities.

6.4.1 Types of Presence

   The 'type' attribute of a presence chunk stanza is optional.  A presence
   chunk
   stanza that does not have a 'type' attribute is used to signal that
   the sender is online and available for communication.  If included,
   the 'type' attribute specifies the availability state of the sender,
   a request to manage a subscription to another entity's presence, a
   request for another entity's current presence, or an error related to
   a previously-sent presence chunk. stanza.  The 'type' attribute may MAY have one
   of the following values:

   o  unavailable -- Signals that the entity is no longer available for
      communication.

   o  subscribe -- The sender wishes to subscribe to the recipient's
      presence.




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   o  subscribed -- The sender has allowed the recipient to receive
      their presence.

   o  unsubscribe -- A notification that an entity is unsubscribing from
      another entity's presence.

   o  unsubscribed -- The subscription request has been denied or a
      previously-granted subscription has been cancelled.

   o  probe -- A request for an entity's current presence.

   o  error -- An error has occurred regarding processing or delivery of
      a previously-sent presence chunk. stanza.



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   Information about the subscription model used within XMPP may can be
   found in XMPP IM [2].

6.4.2 Children

   If a presence chunk stanza possesses no 'type' attribute, it MAY contain
   zero or one of each
   any of the following child elements (for historical
   reasons (note that the <status/> child
   MAY be sent in a presence chunk stanza of type
   "subscribe"): "unavailable" or, for
   historical reasons, "subscribe"):

   o  show -- Describes the availability status of an entity or specific
      resource.  Only one <show/> element MAY be included in a presence
      stanza, and it MUST NOT possess any attributes.  The value SHOULD
      be one of the following (values other than these four MAY be
      ignored; additional availability types
      should could be defined through a
      properly-namespaced child element of the presence chunk): stanza):

      *  away -- The entity or resource is temporarily away.

      *  chat -- The entity or resource is actively interested in
         chatting.

      *  xa -- The entity or resource is away for an extended period (xa
         = "eXtended Away").

      *  dnd -- The entity or resource is busy (dnd = "Do Not Disturb").

   o  status -- An optional natural-language description of availability
      status.  Normally used in conjunction with the show element to
      provide a detailed description of an availability state (e.g., "In
      a meeting").  The <status/> element MUST NOT possess any
      attributes, with the exception of the 'xml:lang' attribute.
      Multiple instances of the <status/> element MAY be included but
      only if each instance possesses an 'xml:lang' attribute with a
      distinct language value.

   o  priority -- A non-negative integer representing the priority level
      of the connected resource, with zero as the lowest priority.




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      one <priority/> element MAY be included in a presence stanza, and
      it MUST NOT possess any attributes.

   If the presence chunk stanza is of type "error", it MUST include an <error/> <error/
   > child, which in turn MUST possess a 'code' attribute corresponding
   to one of the standard error codes (Appendix A) and MAY also contain
   PCDATA corresponding to a natural-language description of the error.
   An <error/> child MUST NOT be included if the chunk stanza type is anything
   other than "error".




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   As described under extended namespaces (Section 6.6), a presence
   chunk
   stanza MAY also contain any properly-namespaced child element (other
   than the core data elements, stream elements, or defined children
   thereof).

6.5 IQ Chunks Stanzas

6.5.1 Overview

   Info/Query, or IQ, is a simple request-response mechanism.  Just as
   HTTP is a request-response medium, IQ chunks stanzas in the 'jabber:client'
   or 'jabber:server' namespace enable an entity to make a request of,
   and receive a response from, another entity.  The data content of the
   request and response is defined by the namespace declaration of a
   direct child element of the iq element.

   Most IQ interactions follow a common pattern of structured data
   exchange such as get/result or set/result:

   Requesting               Responding
     Entity                   Entity
   ----------               ----------
       |                        |
       |    <iq type="get">     |
       | ---------------------> |
       |                        |
       |   <iq type="result">   |
       | <--------------------- |
       |                        |
       |    <iq type="set">     |
       | ---------------------> |
       |                        |
       |   <iq type="result">   |
       | <--------------------- |
       |                        |

   An entity that receives a request of type 'get' or 'set' MUST reply
   with a response of type 'result' or 'error'.

6.5.2 Types of IQ

   The 'type' attribute of an IQ chunk stanza is REQUIRED.  The 'type'
   attribute specifies a distinct step within a request-response



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   interaction.  The value SHOULD be one of the following (all other
   values MAY be ignored):

   o  get -- The chunk stanza is a request for information.




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   o  set -- The chunk stanza provides required data, sets new values, or
      replaces existing values.

   o  result -- The chunk stanza is a response to a successful get or set
      request.

   o  error -- An error has occurred regarding processing or delivery of
      a previously-sent get or set.


6.5.3 Children

   An IQ chunk stanza contains no children in the 'jabber:client' or
   'jabber:server' namespace since it is a vessel for XML in another
   namespace.  As described under extended namespaces (Section 6.6), an
   IQ chunk stanza MAY contain any properly-namespaced child element (other
   than the core data elements, stream elements, or defined children
   thereof).

   If the IQ chunk stanza is of type "error", it MUST include an <error/>
   child, which in turn MUST possess a 'code' attribute corresponding to
   one of the standard error codes (Appendix A) and MAY also contain PCDATA
   corresponding to a natural-language description of the error.  An
   <error/> child MUST NOT be included if the chunk stanza type is anything
   other than "error".

6.6 Extended Namespaces

   While the core data elements defined in this document provide a basic
   level of functionality for messaging and presence, XMPP uses XML
   namespaces to extend the core data elements for the purpose of
   providing additional functionality.  Thus a message, presence, or IQ
   chunk may
   stanza MAY house one or more optional child elements containing
   content that extends the meaning of the message (e.g., an encrypted
   form of the message body as described in Appendix C). body).  This child element MAY be any element
   (other than the core data elements, stream elements, or defined
   children thereof).  The child element MUST possess an 'xmlns'
   namespace declaration (other than the stream namespace and the
   default namespace) that defines all data contained within the child
   element.

   Support for any given extended namespace is OPTIONAL on the part of
   any implementation.  If an entity does not understand such a



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   namespace, it must MUST ignore the associated XML data.  If an entity
   receives an IQ chunk stanza in a namespace it does not understand, the
   entity SHOULD return an IQ chunk stanza of type "error" with an error
   element of code 400 (bad request).  If an entity receives a message
   or presence chunk stanza that contains XML data in an extended namespace it



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   does not understand, the portion of the chunk stanza that is in the unknown
   namespace SHOULD be ignored.  If an entity receives a message chunk stanza
   without a <body/> element but containing only a child element bound
   by a namespace it does not understand, it MUST ignore that chunk. stanza.















































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7. XML Usage within XMPP

7.1 Overview

   In essence, XMPP core consists of three interrelated parts:

   1.  XML streams (Section 4), which provide a stateful means for
       transporting data in an asynchronous manner from one entity to
       another

   2.  stream authentication using SASL authentication (Section 5.1) or
       the dialback protocol (Section 5.2)

   3.  core data elements (Section 6) (message, presence, and iq), which
       provide a framework for communications between entities

   XML [1] is used to define each of these protocols, as described in
   detail in the following sections.

   In addition, XMPP contains protocol extensions (such as extended
   namespaces) that address the specific functionality required to
   create a basic instant messaging and presence application; these non-
   core protocol extensions are defined in XMPP IM [2].

7.2 Namespaces

   XML Namespaces [11] are used within all XMPP-compliant XML to create
   strict boundaries of data ownership.  The basic function of
   namespaces is to separate different vocabularies of XML elements that
   are structurally mixed together.  Ensuring that XMPP-compliant XML is
   namespace-aware enables any XML to be structurally mixed with any
   data element within XMPP.  This feature is relied upon frequently
   within XMPP to separate the XML that is processed by different
   services.  Mainly for historical reasons, the default
   namespace for XMPP data chunks stanzas MUST be one of the namespaces
   identified in Section 4.4.

   Additionally, XMPP is more strict about namespace prefixes than the
   XML namespace specification requires.

7.3 Validation

   A host server is not responsible for validating the XML elements forwarded
   to a node; client;  an implementation MAY choose to provide only validated
   data elements but is NOT REQUIRED to do so.  Nodes and services  Clients SHOULD NOT rely
   on the ability to send data which does not conform to the schemas,
   and SHOULD ignore any non-conformant elements or attributes on the
   incoming XML stream.  Validation of XML streams and stanzas is NOT
   REQUIRED or recommended, and DTDs and schemas are included herein for
   descriptive purposes only.



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7.4 Character Encodings

   Software implementing XML streams MUST support the UTF-8 and UTF-16
   encodings for received data.  Software MUST NOT attempt to use any
   other encoding for transmitted data.  The encodings of the transmit
   and receive streams are independent.  Software may MAY select either UTF-
   8 or UTF-16 for the transmitted stream, and should SHOULD deduce the
   encoding of the received stream as described in the XML specification
   [1].

7.5 Inclusion of Text Declaration

   An application MAY send a text declaration.  Applications MUST follow
   the rules in the XML specification [1] concerning the circumstances
   in which a text declaration is included.




































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8. IANA Considerations

   The IANA registers "jabber-client" and "jabber-server" as GSS-API
   [14]
   [15] service names, as specified in Section 6.1.1. 6.1.1; these service
   names are associated with TCP ports 5222 and 5269 respectively.














































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9. Internationalization Considerations

   o  A node SHOULD include an xml:lang declaration on the stream:stream
      it initiates to a host, denoting the node's default (preferred)
      language.

   o  If the host detects a client sends an xml:lang declaration attribute on the stream:stream
      from a node, it SHOULD remember that value.

   o  If a host does not receive an xml:lang from a node, it SHOULD have
      a configurable default locale that it remembers instead.

   o  For all chunks, if the node does not send an xml:lang attribute on
      the root tag of the packet, the server SHOULD apply its remembered
      value.

   o  If a node does send an xml:lang attribute on a chunk, stanza, the server
      MUST NOT modify or delete it.

   o  A host SHOULD include an xml:lang declaration on the stream:stream
      with which it replies to a node, denoting the host's default
      (preferred) language.















































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10. Security Considerations

10.1 Node-to-Host Client-to-Server Communications

   The SASL protocol for authenticating XML streams negotiated between a
   node
   client and a host server (defined under Section 5.1 above) provides a
   reliable mechanism for validating that a node client connecting to a host
   server is who it claims to be.

   The IP address and method of access of nodes clients MUST NOT be made
   available by a host, server, nor are any connections other than the
   original
   host server connection required.  This helps protect the node's host client's
   server from direct attack or identification by third parties.

   End-to-end encryption of message bodies and presence status
   information MAY be effected through use of OpenPGP [13]; for details,
   see Appendix C. [14].

10.2 Host-to-Host Server-to-Server Communications

   It is OPTIONAL for any given host server to communicate with other hosts,
   servers, and host-to-host server-to-server communications MAY be disabled by the
   administrator of any given deployment.

   If two hosts servers would like to enable communications between
   themselves, they MUST form a relationship of trust at some level,
   either based on trust in DNS or based on a pre-existing trust
   relationship (e.g., through exchange of certificates).  If two hosts
   servers have a pre-existing trust relationship, they MAY use SASL
   Authentication (Section 5.1) for the purpose of authenticating each
   other.  If they do not have a pre-existing relationship, they MUST
   use the Dialback Protocol (Section 5.2), which provides a reliable
   mechanism for preventing the spoofing of hosts. servers.

10.3 Use of SASL Minimum Security Mechanisms

   Although service provisioning is a policy matter, at a minimum, all
   implementations MUST provide support the SASL DIGEST-MD5 mechanism for
   authentication.

10.4 Firewalls

   Communications using XMPP occur over TCP sockets on port 5222
   (client-to-server) or port 5269 (server-to-server), as registered
   with the IANA [6].  Use of these well-known ports allows
   administrators to easily enable or disable XMPP activity through
   existing and commonly-deployed firewalls.





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References

   [1]   World Wide Web Consortium, "Extensible Markup Language (XML)
         1.0 (Second Edition)", W3C xml, October 2000, <http://
         www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xml-20001006>.

   [2]   Miller, J. and P. Saint-Andre, "XMPP Instant Messaging (draft-
         miller-xmpp-im-02,
         ietf-xmpp-im-00, work in progress)", November December 2002.

   [3]   Day, M., Aggarwal, S., Mohr, G. and J. Vincent, "A Model for
         Presence and Instant Messaging", RFC 2779, February 2000,
         <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2779.txt>.

   [4]   Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
         Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.

   [5]   University of Southern California, "Transmission Control
         Protocol", RFC 793, September 1981, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/
         rfc0793.txt>.

   [6]   Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, "Internet Assigned Numbers
         Authority", January 1998, <http://www.iana.org/>.

   [7]   Berners-Lee, T., Fielding, R. and L. Masinter, "Uniform
         Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax", RFC 2396, August
         1998, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt>.

   [8]   Harrenstien, K., Stahl, M. and E. Feinler, "DoD Internet host
         table specification", RFC 952, October 1985.

   [9]   Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - Application and
         Support", STD 3, RFC 1123, October 1989.

   [10]  Myers, J., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL)",
         RFC 2222, October 1997.

   [11]  World Wide Web Consortium, "Namespaces in XML", W3C xml-names,
         January 1999, <http://www.w3.org/TR/1999/REC-xml-names-
         19990114/>.

   [12]  Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages", BCP
         47, RFC 3066, January 2001.

   [13]  Gulbrandsen, A. and P. Vixie, "A DNS RR for specifying the
         location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2052, October 1996.

   [13]

   [14]  Elkins, M., Del Torto, D., Levien, R. and T. Roessler, "MIME
         Security with OpenPGP", RFC 3156, August 2001.

   [14]



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   [15]  Linn, J., "Generic Security Service Application Program
         Interface, Version 2", RFC 2078, January 1997.



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Authors' Addresses

   Jeremie Miller
   Jabber Software Foundation
   1899 Wynkoop Street, Suite 600
   Denver, CO  80202
   US

   EMail: jeremie@jabber.org
   URI:   http://www.jabber.org/people/jer.php


   Peter Saint-Andre
   Jabber Software Foundation
   1899 Wynkoop Street, Suite 600
   Denver, CO  80202
   US

   EMail: stpeter@jabber.org
   URI:   http://www.jabber.org/people/stpeter.php



























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Appendix A. Standard Error Codes

   A standard error element is used for failed processing of XML chunks.
   stanzas.  This element is a child of the failed chunk stanza and MUST
   include a 'code' attribute corresponding to one of the following
   error codes.

   o  302 (Redirect) - Whereas HTTP contains eight different codes for
      redirection, XMPP contains only one (which is intended to stand
      for any redirection error).  However, code 302 is being reserved
      for future functionality and is not implemented at this time.

   o  400 (Bad Request) - Code 400 is used to inform a sender that a
      request could not be understood by the recipient.  This might be
      generated when, for example, an entity sends a message that does
      not have a 'to' attribute.

   o  401 (Unauthorized) - Code 401 is used to inform nodes clients that they
      have provided incorrect authorization information, e.g., an
      incorrect password or unknown username when attempting to
      authenticate with a host. server.

   o  402 (Payment Required) - Code 402 is being reserved for future
      use.

   o  403 (Forbidden) - Code 403 is used to inform an entity that the
      its request was understood but that the recipient is refusing to
      fulfill it, e.g., if a node user attempts to set information associated
      with another node. user.

   o  404 (Not Found) - Code 404 is used to inform a sender that no
      recipient was found matching the JID to which an XML chunk stanza was
      sent, e.g., if a sender has attempted to send a message to a JID
      that does not exist.  (Note: if the host server of the intended
      recipient cannot be reached, an error code from the 500 series
      must be sent).

   o  405 (Not Allowed) - Code 405 is used when the action requested is
      not allowed for the JID identified by the 'from' address, e.g., if
      a node client attempts to set the time or version of a host. server.

   o  406 (Not Acceptable) - Code 406 is used when an XML chunk stanza is for
      some reason not acceptable to a host server or other entity.  This
      might be generated when, for example, a node user attempts to register
      with a
      host server using an empty password.

   o  407 (Registration Required) - Code 407 is used when a message or
      request is sent to a service that requires prior registration,



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      e.g., if a node user attempts to send a message through a gateway to a



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      foreign messaging system without having first registered with that
      gateway.

   o  408 (Request Timeout) - Code 408 is returned when a recipient does
      not produce a response within the time that the sender was
      prepared to wait.

   o  500 (Internal Server Error) - Code 500 is used when a host server or
      service encounters an unexpected condition which prevents it from
      handling an XML chunk stanza from a sender, e.g., if an authentication
      request is not handled by a host server because the password could not
      be retrieved.

   o  501 (Not Implemented) - Code 501 is used when the recipient does
      not support the functionality being requested by a sender, e.g.,
      if a node user attempts to register with a host server that does not allow
      registration.

   o  502 (Remote Server Error) - Code 502 is used when delivery of an
      XML chunk stanza fails because of an inability to reach the intended
      remote host server or service, e.g., because a remote host's server's hostname
      could not be resolved.

   o  503 (Service Unavailable) - Code 503 is used when a sender
      requests a service that a recipient is temporarily unable to
      offer.

   o  504 (Remote Server Timeout) - Code 504 is used when attempts to
      contact a remote host server timeout, e.g., if an incorrect hostname is
      specified.




















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Appendix B. Formal Definitions

B.1 streams namespace

   The namespace declaration for the root stream element is 'http://
   etherx.jabber.org/streams'.

B.1.1 DTD

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <!ELEMENT stream (#PCDATA | error?)*>
   <!ATTLIST stream
     to        CDATA  #REQUIRED   #IMPLIED
     from      CDATA   #IMPLIED
     id        ID      #IMPLIED
     version   CDATA  #IMPLIED>   #IMPLIED
   >
   <!ELEMENT error (#PCDATA)>


B.1.2 Schema
   <!ELEMENT features (#PCDATA)>
































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B.1.2 Schema

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <xsd:schema
       xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       xmlns='http://etherx.jabber.org/streams'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xsd:element name='stream'>
       <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
         <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
         <xsd:choice>
           <xsd:any
                namespace='jabber:client'
                maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
                namespace='jabber:component:accept'
                maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
                namespace='jabber:component:connect'
                maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
                namespace='jabber:server'
                maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
                namespace='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
                maxOccurs='1'/>
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:string' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='version' type='xsd:decimal' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='error' type='xsd:string'/>

   </xsd:schema>


B.2 sasl SASL namespace

B.2.1 DTD

   The DTD for the sasl: namespace declaration for SASL-related elements is as follows: 'http://
   www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'.















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B.2.1 DTD

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <!ELEMENT mechanisms (mechanism)*>
   <!ELEMENT mechanism (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST mechanism name CDATA #REQUIRED>
   <!ELEMENT auth (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST auth name mechanism CDATA #REQUIRED>
   <!ELEMENT challenge (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT response (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT abort (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT success (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT failure (#PCDATA)>


B.2.2 Schema







































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B.2.2 Schema

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <xsd:schema
       xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
       xmlns='http://www.iana.org/assignments/sasl-mechanisms'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xsd:element name='mechanisms'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:sequence minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'>
           <xsd:element ref='mechanism'/>
         </xsd:sequence>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='mechanism'> name='mechanism'/>

     <xsd:element name='auth'>
       <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
         <xsd:attribute name='name' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='auth'>
       <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
         <xsd:attribute name='name' name='mechanism' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='challenge' type='xsd:string'/>
     <xsd:element name='response' type='xsd:string'/>
     <xsd:element name='abort' type='xsd:string'/>
     <xsd:element name='success' type='xsd:string'/>
     <xsd:element name='failure' type='xsd:string'/>

   </xsd:schema>


B.3 jabber:client namespace

   Note: the formal definition for the 'jabber:server' namespace is
   identical to that for the 'jabber:client' namespace.

B.3.1 DTD

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <!ELEMENT message (( body? body* | subject? subject* | thread? |
                        error? | (#PCDATA) )*)>

   <!ATTLIST message
     to        CDATA    #IMPLIED



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     from      CDATA    #IMPLIED
     id CDATA        ID       #IMPLIED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED
     type ( chat | groupchat | headline | error ) #IMPLIED



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   >

   <!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST body xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT subject (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST subject xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT thread (#PCDATA)>

   <!ELEMENT presence (( show? | status? status* | priority? | error? )*)>

   <!ATTLIST presence
     to        CDATA    #IMPLIED
     from      CDATA    #IMPLIED
     id CDATA        ID       #IMPLIED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED
     type ( subscribe | subscribed | unsubscribe |
            unsubscribed | unavailable | error ) #IMPLIED
   >

   <!ELEMENT show (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT status (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST status xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT priority (#PCDATA)>

   <!ELEMENT iq ( error | (#PCDATA) )*>

   <!ATTLIST iq
     to        CDATA    #IMPLIED
     from      CDATA    #IMPLIED
     id CDATA        ID       #IMPLIED
     type ( get | set | result | error ) #REQUIRED
   >

   <!ELEMENT error (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST error
     code      CDATA #REQUIRED>    #REQUIRED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED
   >


B.3.2 Schema

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <xsd:schema
       xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='http://www.jabber.org/protocol'
       xmlns='http://www.jabber.org/protocol'
       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xsd:element name='message'>
        <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
           <xsd:choice>



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     <xsd:element name='message'>
        <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
           <xsd:choice>
              <xsd:element ref='body' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/> maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
              <xsd:element ref='subject' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/> maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
              <xsd:element ref='thread' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
              <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
              <xsd:any
                  namespace='##other'
                  minOccurs='0'
                  maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
           </xsd:choice>
           <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:string' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='type' use='optional' default='normal'> use='optional'>
             <xsd:simpleType>
               <xsd:restriction base='xsd:NCName'>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='normal'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='chat'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='groupchat'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='headline'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>
               </xsd:restriction>
             </xsd:simpleType>
           </xsd:attribute>
        </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='body' type='xsd:string'/> type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='subject' type='xsd:string'/> type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='thread' type='xsd:string'/>

     <xsd:element name='presence'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:choice>
           <xsd:element ref='show' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:element ref='status' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/> maxOccurs='unbounded'/>



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           <xsd:element ref='priority' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
               namespace='##other'
               minOccurs='0'
               maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:string' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='type' use='optional'>



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           <xsd:simpleType>
             <xsd:restriction base='xsd:string'>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unavailable'/> base='xsd:NCName'>
               <xsd:enumeration value='subscribe'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='subscribed'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unsubscribe'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unsubscribed'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unavailable'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>
             </xsd:restriction>
           </xsd:simpleType>
         </xsd:attribute>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='show'>
       <xsd:simpleType>
         <xsd:restriction base='xsd:string'> base='xsd:NCName'>
           <xsd:enumeration value='away'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='chat'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='xa'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='dnd'/>
         </xsd:restriction>
       </xsd:simpleType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='status' type='xsd:string'/> type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='priority' type='xsd:nonNegativeInteger'/>

     <xsd:element name='iq'>
       <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
         <xsd:choice>



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           <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
               namespace='##other'
               minOccurs='0'
               maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:string' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='type' use='required'>
           <xsd:simpleType>
             <xsd:restriction base='xsd:string'> base='xsd:NCName'>
               <xsd:enumeration value='get'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='set'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='result'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>



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             </xsd:restriction>
           </xsd:simpleType>
         </xsd:attribute>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='error'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute
             name='code'
             type='xsd:nonNegativeInteger'
             use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

   </xsd:schema>


B.4 jabber:server namespace

B.4.1 DTD

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <!ELEMENT message (( body* | subject* | thread? |
                        error? | (#PCDATA) )*)>

   <!ATTLIST message
     to        CDATA    #REQUIRED
     from      CDATA    #REQUIRED
     id        ID       #IMPLIED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED



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Appendix C. OpenPGP Usage

   This section is non-normative.  It describes an end-to-end encryption
   and signing method currently in use within the Jabber community.  It
   is not recommended as a complete solution for encrypting streams or
   for guaranteeing the privacy of messages or presence.  When this
   method is used, replay attacks are possible on presence chunks and
   also on messages for which the recipient is not mentioned in the
   message body.  Key exchange may rely on the web of trust model used
   on the OpenPGP keys network.  There is no method to check a
   fingerprint or ownership of a key other than checking the user IDs on
   a key.

   All operations described herein may be completed using standard
   OpenPGP software.  All program output is US-ASCII armored output with
   the headers removed, which allows for straightforward encapsulation
   of the program output directly in XML chunks.  It is assumed that all
   keys are exchanged using OpenPGP key servers; for example, the key of
   another user may be retrieved automatically when a signed presence
   chunk is received from that user.

C.1 Signing Presence

   Signing enables a sender to verify that they sent a certain block of
   text.  As applied within the Jabber community, the <status/> child of
   a presence chunk is signed and sent as extended


     type ( chat | groupchat | headline | error ) #IMPLIED
   >

   <!ELEMENT body (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST body xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT subject (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST subject xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT thread (#PCDATA)>

   <!ELEMENT presence information
   in the 'jabber:x:signed' namespace.  Because signing requires a block
   of text, a signed (( show? | status* | priority? | error? )*)>

   <!ATTLIST presence chunk MUST contain a <status/> child
   element that is non-empty (i.e., contains text.

   When signing presence, the sender MUST use the private key which is
   the same KeyID as the one they wish
     to use for encrypted messages.
   This is because there is no feature negotiation related        CDATA    #REQUIRED
     from      CDATA    #REQUIRED
     id        ID       #IMPLIED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED
     type ( subscribe | subscribed | unsubscribe |
            unsubscribed | unavailable | error ) #IMPLIED
   >

   <!ELEMENT show (#PCDATA)>
   <!ELEMENT status (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST status xml:lang NMTOKEN #IMPLIED>
   <!ELEMENT priority (#PCDATA)>

   <!ELEMENT iq ( error | (#PCDATA) )*>

   <!ATTLIST iq
     to message
   encryption; the only indicator that another user encrypts is or her
   messages is that one receives signed presence chunks        CDATA    #REQUIRED
     from that user.

   As shown in the following example, the only presence information that
   is signed is the      CDATA of the <status> element.    #REQUIRED
     id        ID       #IMPLIED
     type ( get | set | result | error ) #REQUIRED
   >

   <!ELEMENT error (#PCDATA)>
   <!ATTLIST error
     code      CDATA    #REQUIRED
     xml:lang  NMTOKEN  #IMPLIED
   >


B.4.2 Schema

   <?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
   <xsd:schema
       xmlns:xsd='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema'
       targetNamespace='http://www.jabber.org/protocol'
       xmlns='http://www.jabber.org/protocol'



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       elementFormDefault='qualified'>

     <xsd:element name='message'>
        <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
           <xsd:choice>
              <xsd:element ref='body' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
              <xsd:element ref='subject' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
              <xsd:element ref='thread' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
              <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
              <xsd:any
                  namespace='##other'
                  minOccurs='0'
                  maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
           </xsd:choice>
           <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
           <xsd:attribute name='type' use='optional'>
             <xsd:simpleType>
               <xsd:restriction base='xsd:NCName'>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='chat'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='groupchat'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='headline'/>
                 <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>
               </xsd:restriction>
             </xsd:simpleType>
           </xsd:attribute>
        </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='body' type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='subject' type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='thread' type='xsd:string'/>

     <xsd:element name='presence'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:choice>



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           <xsd:element ref='show' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:element ref='status' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
           <xsd:element ref='priority' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
               namespace='##other'
               minOccurs='0'
               maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='type' use='optional'>
           <xsd:simpleType>
             <xsd:restriction base='xsd:NCName'>
               <xsd:enumeration value='subscribe'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='subscribed'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unsubscribe'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unsubscribed'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='unavailable'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>
             </xsd:restriction>
           </xsd:simpleType>
         </xsd:attribute>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='show'>
       <xsd:simpleType>
         <xsd:restriction base='xsd:NCName'>
           <xsd:enumeration value='away'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='chat'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='xa'/>
           <xsd:enumeration value='dnd'/>
         </xsd:restriction>
       </xsd:simpleType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='status' type='xsd:string'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='priority' type='xsd:nonNegativeInteger'/>

     <xsd:element name='iq'>



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       <xsd:complexType mixed='true'>
         <xsd:choice>
           <xsd:element ref='error' minOccurs='0' maxOccurs='1'/>
           <xsd:any
               namespace='##other'
               minOccurs='0'
               maxOccurs='unbounded'/>
         </xsd:choice>
         <xsd:attribute name='to' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='from' type='xsd:string' use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='id' type='xsd:ID' use='optional'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='type' use='required'>
           <xsd:simpleType>
             <xsd:restriction base='xsd:NCName'>
               <xsd:enumeration value='get'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='set'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='result'/>
               <xsd:enumeration value='error'/>
             </xsd:restriction>
           </xsd:simpleType>
         </xsd:attribute>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

     <xsd:element name='error'>
       <xsd:complexType>
         <xsd:attribute
             name='code'
             type='xsd:nonNegativeInteger'
             use='required'/>
         <xsd:attribute name='xml:lang' type='xsd:NMTOKEN' use='optional'/>
       </xsd:complexType>
     </xsd:element>

   </xsd:schema>
















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   <presence
       from='romeo@montague.net/orchard'
       to='juliet@capulet.com/balcony'>
     <status>Online</status>
     <x xmlns='jabber:x:signed'>
       iQA/AwUBOjU5dnol3d88qZ77EQI2JACfRngLJ045brNnaCX78ykKNUZaTIoAoPHI
       2uJxPMGR73EBIvEpcv0LRSy+
       =45f8
     </x>
   </presence>


C.2 Encrypting Messages

   Encryption enables the sender to encrypt a message sent


Appendix C. Revision History

   Note to a specific
   recipient.  This is accomplished by sending RFC editor: please remove this entire appendix, and the encrypted form of
   corresponding entries in the
   CDATA table of contents, prior to publication.

C.1 Changes from draft-miller-xmpp-core-02

   o  Brought Streams Authentication section into line with discussion
      on list and at IETF 55 meeting.

   o  Added information about the <body/> child in second child optional 'xml:lang' attribute per
      discussion on list and at IETF 55 meeting.

   o  Specified that validation is scoped by neither required nor recommended, and
      that the
   'jabber:x:encrypted' namespace.  Because a block of text is
   necessary, formal definitions (DTDs and schemas) are included for
      descriptive purposes only.

   o  Specified that the message chunk MUST contain a <body/> child element response to an IQ stanza of type 'get' or 'set'
      must be an IQ stanza of type 'result' or 'error'.

   o  Specified that is non-empty (i.e., compliant server implementations must process
      stanzas in order.

   o  Specified that contains for historical reasons some CDATA text).  It is
   considered polite to include a message <body/> informing server implementations
      may accept 'stream:' as the
   recipient that only valid namespace prefix on the message is encrypted.  The public key used for
   message encryption should match
      root stream element.

   o  Clarified the KeyID used for signing presence.
   The actual data difference between 'jabber:client' and
      'jabber:server' namespaces, namely, that is encrypted is what would be 'to' and 'from'
      attributes are required on all stanzas in the CDATA latter but not the
      former.

   o  Fixed typo in Step 9 of the
   <body> element if dialback protocol (changed db:result
      to db:verify).

   o  Removed references to TLS pending list discussion.

   o  Removed the message were not encrypted. non-normative appendix on OpenPGP usage pending its
      inclusion in a separate I-D.

   o  Simplified the architecture diagram, removed most references to
      services, and removed references to the 'jabber:component:*'
      namespaces.

   o  Noted that XMPP activity respects firewall administration
      policies.

   o  Further specified the scope and uniqueness of the 'id' attribute



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   <message
       from='juliet@capulet.com/balcony'
       to='romeo@montague.net/orchard'>
     <body>This


      in all stanza types and the <thread/> element in message is encrypted.</body>
     <x xmlns='jabber:x:encrypted'>
       qANQR1DBwU4DX7jmYZnncmUQB/9KuKBddzQH+tZ1ZywKK0yHKnq57kWq+RFtQdCJ
       WpdWpR0uQsuJe7+vh3NWn59/gTc5MDlX8dS9p0ovStmNcyLhxVgmqS8ZKhsblVeu
       IpQ0JgavABqibJolc3BKrVtVV1igKiX/N7Pi8RtY1K18toaMDhdEfhBRzO/XB0+P
       AQhYlRjNacGcslkhXqNjK5Va4tuOAPy2n1Q8UUrHbUd0g+xJ9Bm0G0LZXyvCWyKH
       kuNEHFQiLuCY6Iv0myq6iX6tjuHehZlFSh80b5BVV9tNLwNR5Eqz1klxMhoghJOA
       w7R61cCPt8KSd8Vcl8K+StqOMZ5wkhosVjUqvEu8uJ9RupdpB/4m9E3gOQZCBsmq
       OsX4/jJhn2wIsfYYWdqkbNKnuYoKCnwrlmn6I+wX72p0R8tTv8peNCwK9bEtL/XS
       mhn4bCxoUkCITv3k8a+Jdvbov9ucduKSFuCBq4/l0fpHmPhHQjkFofxmaWJveFfF
       619NXyYyCfoLTmWk2AaTHVCjtKdf1WmwcTa0vFfk8BuFHkdah6kJJiJ7w/yNwa/E
       O6CMymuZTr/LpcKKWrWCt+SErxqmq8ekPI8h7oNwMxZBYAa7OJ1rXWKNgL9pDtNI
       824Mf0mXj7q5N1eMHvX1QEoKLAda/Ae3TTEevOyeUK1DEgvxfM2KRZ11RzU+XtIE
       My/bJk7EycAw8P/QKyeNlO1fxP58VEd6Gb8NCPqKOYn/LKh1O+c20ZNVEPFM4bNV
       XA4hB4UtFF7Ao8kpdlrUqdKyw4lEtnmdemYQ6+iIIVPEarWl9PxOMY90KAnZrSAq
       bt9uRY/1rPgelRaWblMKvxgpRO8++Y8VjdEyGgMOXxOiE851Ve72ftGzkSxDH8mW
       TgY3pf2aATmBp3lagQ1COkGS/xupovT5AQPA3RzbCxDvc6s6eGYKmVVQVj5vmSj1
       WULad5MB9KT1DzCm6FOSy063nWGBYYMWiejRvGLpo1j4eAnj0qOt7rTWmgv3RkYF
       Oin0vDOhW7aC
       =CvnG
     </x>
   </message> stanzas.

   o  Nomenclature changes: (1) from "chunks" to "stanzas"; (2) from
      "host" to "server" and from "node" to "client" (except with regard
      to definition of the addressing scheme).














































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Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002).  All Rights Reserved.

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   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
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Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.



















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