rfc4861
Network Working Group T. Narten
Request for Comments: 4861 IBM
Obsoletes: 2461 E. Nordmark
Category: Standards Track Sun Microsystems
W. Simpson
Daydreamer
H. Soliman
Elevate Technologies
September 2007
Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document specifies the Neighbor Discovery protocol for IP
Version 6. IPv6 nodes on the same link use Neighbor Discovery to
discover each other's presence, to determine each other's link-layer
addresses, to find routers, and to maintain reachability information
about the paths to active neighbors.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
2. Terminology .....................................................4
2.1. General ....................................................4
2.2. Link Types .................................................8
2.3. Addresses ..................................................9
2.4. Requirements ..............................................10
3. Protocol Overview ..............................................10
3.1. Comparison with IPv4 ......................................14
3.2. Supported Link Types ......................................16
3.3. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages ......................18
4. Message Formats ................................................18
4.1. Router Solicitation Message Format ........................18
4.2. Router Advertisement Message Format .......................19
4.3. Neighbor Solicitation Message Format ......................22
4.4. Neighbor Advertisement Message Format .....................23
4.5. Redirect Message Format ...................................26
4.6. Option Formats ............................................28
4.6.1. Source/Target Link-layer Address ...................28
4.6.2. Prefix Information .................................29
4.6.3. Redirected Header ..................................31
4.6.4. MTU ................................................32
5. Conceptual Model of a Host .....................................33
5.1. Conceptual Data Structures ................................33
5.2. Conceptual Sending Algorithm ..............................36
5.3. Garbage Collection and Timeout Requirements ...............37
6. Router and Prefix Discovery ....................................38
6.1. Message Validation ........................................39
6.1.1. Validation of Router Solicitation Messages .........39
6.1.2. Validation of Router Advertisement Messages ........39
6.2. Router Specification ......................................40
6.2.1. Router Configuration Variables .....................40
6.2.2. Becoming an Advertising Interface ..................45
6.2.3. Router Advertisement Message Content ...............45
6.2.4. Sending Unsolicited Router Advertisements ..........47
6.2.5. Ceasing To Be an Advertising Interface .............47
6.2.6. Processing Router Solicitations ....................48
6.2.7. Router Advertisement Consistency ...................50
6.2.8. Link-local Address Change ..........................50
6.3. Host Specification ........................................51
6.3.1. Host Configuration Variables .......................51
6.3.2. Host Variables .....................................51
6.3.3. Interface Initialization ...........................52
6.3.4. Processing Received Router Advertisements ..........53
6.3.5. Timing out Prefixes and Default Routers ............56
6.3.6. Default Router Selection ...........................56
6.3.7. Sending Router Solicitations .......................57
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7. Address Resolution and Neighbor Unreachability Detection .......59
7.1. Message Validation ........................................59
7.1.1. Validation of Neighbor Solicitations ...............59
7.1.2. Validation of Neighbor Advertisements ..............60
7.2. Address Resolution ........................................60
7.2.1. Interface Initialization ...........................61
7.2.2. Sending Neighbor Solicitations .....................61
7.2.3. Receipt of Neighbor Solicitations ..................62
7.2.4. Sending Solicited Neighbor Advertisements ..........63
7.2.5. Receipt of Neighbor Advertisements .................64
7.2.6. Sending Unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements ........66
7.2.7. Anycast Neighbor Advertisements ....................67
7.2.8. Proxy Neighbor Advertisements ......................68
7.3. Neighbor Unreachability Detection .........................68
7.3.1. Reachability Confirmation ..........................69
7.3.2. Neighbor Cache Entry States ........................70
7.3.3. Node Behavior ......................................71
8. Redirect Function ..............................................73
8.1. Validation of Redirect Messages ...........................74
8.2. Router Specification ......................................75
8.3. Host Specification ........................................76
9. Extensibility - Option Processing ..............................76
10. Protocol Constants ............................................78
11. Security Considerations .......................................79
11.1. Threat Analysis ..........................................79
11.2. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages .....................81
12. Renumbering Considerations ....................................81
13. IANA Considerations ...........................................83
14. References ....................................................84
14.1. Normative References .....................................84
14.2. Informative References ...................................84
Appendix A: Multihomed Hosts ......................................87
Appendix B: Future Extensions .....................................88
Appendix C: State Machine for the Reachability State ..............89
Appendix D: Summary of IsRouter Rules .............................91
Appendix E: Implementation Issues .................................92
Appendix F: Changes from RFC 2461 .................................94
Acknowledgments ...................................................95
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1. Introduction
This specification defines the Neighbor Discovery (ND) protocol for
Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6). Nodes (hosts and routers) use
Neighbor Discovery to determine the link-layer addresses for
neighbors known to reside on attached links and to quickly purge
cached values that become invalid. Hosts also use Neighbor Discovery
to find neighboring routers that are willing to forward packets on
their behalf. Finally, nodes use the protocol to actively keep track
of which neighbors are reachable and which are not, and to detect
changed link-layer addresses. When a router or the path to a router
fails, a host actively searches for functioning alternates.
Unless specified otherwise (in a document that covers operating IP
over a particular link type) this document applies to all link types.
However, because ND uses link-layer multicast for some of its
services, it is possible that on some link types (e.g., Non-Broadcast
Multi-Access (NBMA) links), alternative protocols or mechanisms to
implement those services will be specified (in the appropriate
document covering the operation of IP over a particular link type).
The services described in this document that are not directly
dependent on multicast, such as Redirects, Next-hop determination,
Neighbor Unreachability Detection, etc., are expected to be provided
as specified in this document. The details of how one uses ND on
NBMA links are addressed in [IPv6-NBMA]. In addition, [IPv6-3GPP]
and[IPv6-CELL] discuss the use of this protocol over some cellular
links, which are examples of NBMA links.
2. Terminology
2.1. General
IP - Internet Protocol Version 6. The terms IPv4 and IPv6
are used only in contexts where necessary to avoid
ambiguity.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol for the Internet
Protocol Version 6. The terms ICMPv4 and ICMPv6 are
used only in contexts where necessary to avoid
ambiguity.
node - a device that implements IP.
router - a node that forwards IP packets not explicitly
addressed to itself.
host - any node that is not a router.
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upper layer - a protocol layer immediately above IP. Examples are
transport protocols such as TCP and UDP, control
protocols such as ICMP, routing protocols such as OSPF,
and Internet-layer (or lower-layer) protocols being
"tunneled" over (i.e., encapsulated in) IP such as
Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), AppleTalk, or IP
itself.
link - a communication facility or medium over which nodes can
communicate at the link layer, i.e., the layer
immediately below IP. Examples are Ethernets (simple
or bridged), PPP links, X.25, Frame Relay, or ATM
networks as well as Internet-layer (or higher-layer)
"tunnels", such as tunnels over IPv4 or IPv6 itself.
interface - a node's attachment to a link.
neighbors - nodes attached to the same link.
address - an IP-layer identifier for an interface or a set of
interfaces.
anycast address
- an identifier for a set of interfaces (typically
belonging to different nodes). A packet sent to an
anycast address is delivered to one of the interfaces
identified by that address (the "nearest" one,
according to the routing protocol's measure of
distance). See [ADDR-ARCH].
Note that an anycast address is syntactically
indistinguishable from a unicast address. Thus, nodes
sending packets to anycast addresses don't generally
know that an anycast address is being used. Throughout
the rest of this document, references to unicast
addresses also apply to anycast addresses in those
cases where the node is unaware that a unicast address
is actually an anycast address.
prefix - a bit string that consists of some number of initial
bits of an address.
link-layer address
- a link-layer identifier for an interface. Examples
include IEEE 802 addresses for Ethernet links.
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on-link - an address that is assigned to an interface on a
specified link. A node considers an address to be on-
link if:
- it is covered by one of the link's prefixes (e.g.,
as indicated by the on-link flag in the Prefix
Information option), or
- a neighboring router specifies the address as the
target of a Redirect message, or
- a Neighbor Advertisement message is received for
the (target) address, or
- any Neighbor Discovery message is received from
the address.
off-link - the opposite of "on-link"; an address that is not
assigned to any interfaces on the specified link.
longest prefix match
- the process of determining which prefix (if any) in a
set of prefixes covers a target address. A target
address is covered by a prefix if all of the bits in
the prefix match the left-most bits of the target
address. When multiple prefixes cover an address, the
longest prefix is the one that matches.
reachability
- whether or not the one-way "forward" path to a neighbor
is functioning properly. In particular, whether
packets sent to a neighbor are reaching the IP layer on
the neighboring machine and are being processed
properly by the receiving IP layer. For neighboring
routers, reachability means that packets sent by a
node's IP layer are delivered to the router's IP layer,
and the router is indeed forwarding packets (i.e., it
is configured as a router, not a host). For hosts,
reachability means that packets sent by a node's IP
layer are delivered to the neighbor host's IP layer.
packet - an IP header plus payload.
link MTU - the maximum transmission unit, i.e., maximum packet
size in octets, that can be conveyed in one
transmission unit over a link.
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target - an address about which address resolution information
is sought, or an address that is the new first hop when
being redirected.
proxy - a node that responds to Neighbor Discovery query
messages on behalf of another node. A router acting on
behalf of a mobile node that has moved off-link could
potentially act as a proxy for the mobile node.
ICMP destination unreachable indication
- an error indication returned to the original sender of
a packet that cannot be delivered for the reasons
outlined in [ICMPv6]. If the error occurs on a node
other than the node originating the packet, an ICMP
error message is generated. If the error occurs on the
originating node, an implementation is not required to
actually create and send an ICMP error packet to the
source, as long as the upper-layer sender is notified
through an appropriate mechanism (e.g., return value
from a procedure call). Note, however, that an
implementation may find it convenient in some cases to
return errors to the sender by taking the offending
packet, generating an ICMP error message, and then
delivering it (locally) through the generic error-
handling routines.
random delay
- when sending out messages, it is sometimes necessary to
delay a transmission for a random amount of time in
order to prevent multiple nodes from transmitting at
exactly the same time, or to prevent long-range
periodic transmissions from synchronizing with each
other [SYNC]. When a random component is required, a
node calculates the actual delay in such a way that the
computed delay forms a uniformly distributed random
value that falls between the specified minimum and
maximum delay times. The implementor must take care to
ensure that the granularity of the calculated random
component and the resolution of the timer used are both
high enough to ensure that the probability of multiple
nodes delaying the same amount of time is small.
random delay seed
- if a pseudo-random number generator is used in
calculating a random delay component, the generator
should be initialized with a unique seed prior to being
used. Note that it is not sufficient to use the
interface identifier alone as the seed, since interface
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identifiers will not always be unique. To reduce the
probability that duplicate interface identifiers cause
the same seed to be used, the seed should be calculated
from a variety of input sources (e.g., machine
components) that are likely to be different even on
identical "boxes". For example, the seed could be
formed by combining the CPU's serial number with an
interface identifier. Additional information on
randomness and random number generation can be found in
[RAND].
2.2. Link Types
Different link layers have different properties. The ones of concern
to Neighbor Discovery are:
multicast capable
- a link that supports a native mechanism at the link
layer for sending packets to all (i.e., broadcast)
or a subset of all neighbors.
point-to-point - a link that connects exactly two interfaces. A
point-to-point link is assumed to have multicast
capability and a link-local address.
non-broadcast multi-access (NBMA)
- a link to which more than two interfaces can attach,
but that does not support a native form of multicast
or broadcast (e.g., X.25, ATM, frame relay, etc.).
Note that all link types (including NBMA) are
expected to provide multicast service for
applications that need it (e.g., using multicast
servers). However, it is an issue for further study
whether ND should use such facilities or an
alternate mechanism that provides the equivalent
multicast capability for ND.
shared media - a link that allows direct communication among a
number of nodes, but attached nodes are configured
in such a way that they do not have complete prefix
information for all on-link destinations. That is,
at the IP level, nodes on the same link may not know
that they are neighbors; by default, they
communicate through a router. Examples are large
(switched) public data networks such as Switched
Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) and Broadband
Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Also
known as "large clouds". See [SH-MEDIA].
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variable MTU - a link that does not have a well-defined MTU (e.g.,
IEEE 802.5 token rings). Many links (e.g.,
Ethernet) have a standard MTU defined by the link-
layer protocol or by the specific document
describing how to run IP over the link layer.
asymmetric reachability
- a link where non-reflexive and/or non-transitive
reachability is part of normal operation. (Non-
reflexive reachability means packets from A reach B,
but packets from B don't reach A. Non-transitive
reachability means packets from A reach B, and
packets from B reach C, but packets from A don't
reach C.) Many radio links exhibit these
properties.
2.3. Addresses
Neighbor Discovery makes use of a number of different addresses
defined in [ADDR-ARCH], including:
all-nodes multicast address
- the link-local scope address to reach all nodes,
FF02::1.
all-routers multicast address
- the link-local scope address to reach all routers,
FF02::2.
solicited-node multicast address
- a link-local scope multicast address that is computed
as a function of the solicited target's address. The
function is described in [ADDR-ARCH]. The function is
chosen so that IP addresses that differ only in the
most significant bits, e.g., due to multiple prefixes
associated with different providers, will map to the
same solicited-node address thereby reducing the number
of multicast addresses a node must join at the link
layer.
link-local address
- a unicast address having link-only scope that can be
used to reach neighbors. All interfaces on routers
MUST have a link-local address. Also, [ADDRCONF]
requires that interfaces on hosts have a link-local
address.
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unspecified address
- a reserved address value that indicates the lack of an
address (e.g., the address is unknown). It is never
used as a destination address, but may be used as a
source address if the sender does not (yet) know its
own address (e.g., while verifying an address is unused
during stateless address autoconfiguration [ADDRCONF]).
The unspecified address has a value of 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0.
Note that this specification does not strictly comply with the
consistency requirements in [ADDR-SEL] for the scopes of source and
destination addresses. It is possible in some cases for hosts to use
a source address of a larger scope than the destination address in
the IPv6 header.
2.4. Requirements
The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
document, are to be interpreted as described in [KEYWORDS].
This document also makes use of internal conceptual variables to
describe protocol behavior and external variables that an
implementation must allow system administrators to change. The
specific variable names, how their values change, and how their
settings influence protocol behavior are provided to demonstrate
protocol behavior. An implementation is not required to have them in
the exact form described here, so long as its external behavior is
consistent with that described in this document.
3. Protocol Overview
This protocol solves a set of problems related to the interaction
between nodes attached to the same link. It defines mechanisms for
solving each of the following problems:
Router Discovery: How hosts locate routers that reside on an
attached link.
Prefix Discovery: How hosts discover the set of address prefixes
that define which destinations are on-link for an
attached link. (Nodes use prefixes to distinguish
destinations that reside on-link from those only
reachable through a router.)
Parameter Discovery: How a node learns link parameters (such as the
link MTU) or Internet parameters (such as the hop limit
value) to place in outgoing packets.
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Address Autoconfiguration: Introduces the mechanisms needed in
order to allow nodes to configure an address for an
interface in a stateless manner. Stateless address
autoconfiguration is specified in [ADDRCONF].
Address resolution: How nodes determine the link-layer address of
an on-link destination (e.g., a neighbor) given only the
destination's IP address.
Next-hop determination: The algorithm for mapping an IP destination
address into the IP address of the neighbor to which
traffic for the destination should be sent. The next-
hop can be a router or the destination itself.
Neighbor Unreachability Detection: How nodes determine that a
neighbor is no longer reachable. For neighbors used as
routers, alternate default routers can be tried. For
both routers and hosts, address resolution can be
performed again.
Duplicate Address Detection: How a node determines whether or not
an address it wishes to use is already in use by another
node.
Redirect: How a router informs a host of a better first-hop node
to reach a particular destination.
Neighbor Discovery defines five different ICMP packet types: A pair
of Router Solicitation and Router Advertisement messages, a pair of
Neighbor Solicitation and Neighbor Advertisements messages, and a
Redirect message. The messages serve the following purpose:
Router Solicitation: When an interface becomes enabled, hosts may
send out Router Solicitations that request routers to
generate Router Advertisements immediately rather than
at their next scheduled time.
Router Advertisement: Routers advertise their presence together
with various link and Internet parameters either
periodically, or in response to a Router Solicitation
message. Router Advertisements contain prefixes that
are used for determining whether another address shares
the same link (on-link determination) and/or address
configuration, a suggested hop limit value, etc.
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Neighbor Solicitation: Sent by a node to determine the link-layer
address of a neighbor, or to verify that a neighbor is
still reachable via a cached link-layer address.
Neighbor Solicitations are also used for Duplicate
Address Detection.
Neighbor Advertisement: A response to a Neighbor Solicitation
message. A node may also send unsolicited Neighbor
Advertisements to announce a link-layer address change.
Redirect: Used by routers to inform hosts of a better first hop
for a destination.
On multicast-capable links, each router periodically multicasts a
Router Advertisement packet announcing its availability. A host
receives Router Advertisements from all routers, building a list of
default routers. Routers generate Router Advertisements frequently
enough that hosts will learn of their presence within a few minutes,
but not frequently enough to rely on an absence of advertisements to
detect router failure; a separate Neighbor Unreachability Detection
algorithm provides failure detection.
Router Advertisements contain a list of prefixes used for on-link
determination and/or autonomous address configuration; flags
associated with the prefixes specify the intended uses of a
particular prefix. Hosts use the advertised on-link prefixes to
build and maintain a list that is used in deciding when a packet's
destination is on-link or beyond a router. Note that a destination
can be on-link even though it is not covered by any advertised on-
link prefix. In such cases, a router can send a Redirect informing
the sender that the destination is a neighbor.
Router Advertisements (and per-prefix flags) allow routers to inform
hosts how to perform Address Autoconfiguration. For example, routers
can specify whether hosts should use DHCPv6 and/or autonomous
(stateless) address configuration.
Router Advertisement messages also contain Internet parameters such
as the hop limit that hosts should use in outgoing packets and,
optionally, link parameters such as the link MTU. This facilitates
centralized administration of critical parameters that can be set on
routers and automatically propagated to all attached hosts.
Nodes accomplish address resolution by multicasting a Neighbor
Solicitation that asks the target node to return its link-layer
address. Neighbor Solicitation messages are multicast to the
solicited-node multicast address of the target address. The target
returns its link-layer address in a unicast Neighbor Advertisement
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message. A single request-response pair of packets is sufficient for
both the initiator and the target to resolve each other's link-layer
addresses; the initiator includes its link-layer address in the
Neighbor Solicitation.
Neighbor Solicitation messages can also be used to determine if more
than one node has been assigned the same unicast address. The use of
Neighbor Solicitation messages for Duplicate Address Detection is
specified in [ADDRCONF].
Neighbor Unreachability Detection detects the failure of a neighbor
or the failure of the forward path to the neighbor. Doing so
requires positive confirmation that packets sent to a neighbor are
actually reaching that neighbor and being processed properly by its
IP layer. Neighbor Unreachability Detection uses confirmation from
two sources. When possible, upper-layer protocols provide a positive
confirmation that a connection is making "forward progress", that is,
previously sent data is known to have been delivered correctly (e.g.,
new acknowledgments were received recently). When positive
confirmation is not forthcoming through such "hints", a node sends
unicast Neighbor Solicitation messages that solicit Neighbor
Advertisements as reachability confirmation from the next hop. To
reduce unnecessary network traffic, probe messages are only sent to
neighbors to which the node is actively sending packets.
In addition to addressing the above general problems, Neighbor
Discovery also handles the following situations:
Link-layer address change - A node that knows its link-layer
address has changed can multicast a few (unsolicited)
Neighbor Advertisement packets to all nodes to quickly update
cached link-layer addresses that have become invalid. Note
that the sending of unsolicited advertisements is a
performance enhancement only (e.g., unreliable). The
Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm ensures that all
nodes will reliably discover the new address, though the
delay may be somewhat longer.
Inbound load balancing - Nodes with replicated interfaces may want
to load balance the reception of incoming packets across
multiple network interfaces on the same link. Such nodes
have multiple link-layer addresses assigned to the same
interface. For example, a single network driver could
represent multiple network interface cards as a single
logical interface having multiple link-layer addresses.
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Neighbor Discovery allows a router to perform load balancing
for traffic addressed to itself by allowing routers to omit
the source link-layer address from Router Advertisement
packets, thereby forcing neighbors to use Neighbor
Solicitation messages to learn link-layer addresses of
routers. Returned Neighbor Advertisement messages can then
contain link-layer addresses that differ depending on, e.g.,
who issued the solicitation. This specification does not
define a mechanism that allows hosts to Load-balance incoming
packets. See [LD-SHRE].
Anycast addresses - Anycast addresses identify one of a set of
nodes providing an equivalent service, and multiple nodes on
the same link may be configured to recognize the same anycast
address. Neighbor Discovery handles anycasts by having nodes
expect to receive multiple Neighbor Advertisements for the
same target. All advertisements for anycast addresses are
tagged as being non-Override advertisements. A non-Override
advertisement is one that does not update or replace the
information sent by another advertisement. These
advertisements are discussed later in the context of Neighbor
advertisement messages. This invokes specific rules to
determine which of potentially multiple advertisements should
be used.
Proxy advertisements - A node willing to accept packets on behalf
of a target address that is unable to respond to Neighbor
Solicitations can issue non-Override Neighbor Advertisements.
Proxy advertisements are used by Mobile IPv6 Home Agents to
defend mobile nodes' addresses when they move off-link.
However, it is not intended as a general mechanism to handle
nodes that, e.g., do not implement this protocol.
3.1. Comparison with IPv4
The IPv6 Neighbor Discovery protocol corresponds to a combination of
the IPv4 protocols Address Resolution Protocol [ARP], ICMP Router
Discovery [RDISC], and ICMP Redirect [ICMPv4]. In IPv4 there is no
generally agreed upon protocol or mechanism for Neighbor
Unreachability Detection, although the Hosts Requirements document
[HR-CL] does specify some possible algorithms for Dead Gateway
Detection (a subset of the problems Neighbor Unreachability Detection
tackles).
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The Neighbor Discovery protocol provides a multitude of improvements
over the IPv4 set of protocols:
Router Discovery is part of the base protocol set; there is no
need for hosts to "snoop" the routing protocols.
Router Advertisements carry link-layer addresses; no additional
packet exchange is needed to resolve the router's link-layer
address.
Router Advertisements carry prefixes for a link; there is no need
to have a separate mechanism to configure the "netmask".
Router Advertisements enable Address Autoconfiguration.
Routers can advertise an MTU for hosts to use on the link,
ensuring that all nodes use the same MTU value on links lacking a
well-defined MTU.
Address resolution multicasts are "spread" over 16 million (2^24)
multicast addresses, greatly reducing address-resolution-related
interrupts on nodes other than the target. Moreover, non-IPv6
machines should not be interrupted at all.
Redirects contain the link-layer address of the new first hop;
separate address resolution is not needed upon receiving a
redirect.
Multiple prefixes can be associated with the same link. By
default, hosts learn all on-link prefixes from Router
Advertisements. However, routers may be configured to omit some
or all prefixes from Router Advertisements. In such cases hosts
assume that destinations are off-link and send traffic to routers.
A router can then issue redirects as appropriate.
Unlike IPv4, the recipient of an IPv6 redirect assumes that the
new next-hop is on-link. In IPv4, a host ignores redirects
specifying a next-hop that is not on-link according to the link's
network mask. The IPv6 redirect mechanism is analogous to the
XRedirect facility specified in [SH-MEDIA]. It is expected to be
useful on non-broadcast and shared media links in which it is
undesirable or not possible for nodes to know all prefixes for
on-link destinations.
Neighbor Unreachability Detection is part of the base, which
significantly improves the robustness of packet delivery in the
presence of failing routers, partially failing or partitioned
links, or nodes that change their link-layer addresses. For
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instance, mobile nodes can move off-link without losing any
connectivity due to stale ARP caches.
Unlike ARP, Neighbor Discovery detects half-link failures (using
Neighbor Unreachability Detection) and avoids sending traffic to
neighbors with which two-way connectivity is absent.
Unlike in IPv4 Router Discovery, the Router Advertisement messages
do not contain a preference field. The preference field is not
needed to handle routers of different "stability"; the Neighbor
Unreachability Detection will detect dead routers and switch to a
working one.
The use of link-local addresses to uniquely identify routers (for
Router Advertisement and Redirect messages) makes it possible for
hosts to maintain the router associations in the event of the site
renumbering to use new global prefixes.
By setting the Hop Limit to 255, Neighbor Discovery is immune to
off-link senders that accidentally or intentionally send ND
messages. In IPv4, off-link senders can send both ICMP Redirects
and Router Advertisement messages.
Placing address resolution at the ICMP layer makes the protocol
more media-independent than ARP and makes it possible to use
generic IP-layer authentication and security mechanisms as
appropriate.
3.2. Supported Link Types
Neighbor Discovery supports links with different properties. In the
presence of certain properties, only a subset of the ND protocol
mechanisms are fully specified in this document:
point-to-point - Neighbor Discovery handles such links just like
multicast links. (Multicast can be trivially
provided on point-to-point links, and interfaces
can be assigned link-local addresses.)
multicast - Neighbor Discovery operates over multicast capable
links as described in this document.
non-broadcast multiple access (NBMA)
- Redirect, Neighbor Unreachability Detection and
next-hop determination should be implemented as
described in this document. Address resolution,
and the mechanism for delivering Router
Solicitations and Advertisements on NBMA links are
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
not specified in this document. Note that if
hosts support manual configuration of a list of
default routers, hosts can dynamically acquire the
link-layer addresses for their neighbors from
Redirect messages.
shared media - The Redirect message is modeled after the
XRedirect message in [SH-MEDIA] in order to
simplify use of the protocol on shared media
links.
This specification does not address shared media
issues that only relate to routers, such as:
- How routers exchange reachability information
on a shared media link.
- How a router determines the link-layer address
of a host, which it needs to send redirect
messages to the host.
- How a router determines that it is the first-
hop router for a received packet.
The protocol is extensible (through the definition
of new options) so that other solutions might be
possible in the future.
variable MTU - Neighbor Discovery allows routers to specify an
MTU for the link, which all nodes then use. All
nodes on a link must use the same MTU (or Maximum
Receive Unit) in order for multicast to work
properly. Otherwise, when multicasting, a sender,
which can not know which nodes will receive the
packet, could not determine a minimum packet size
that all receivers can process (or Maximum Receive
Unit).
asymmetric reachability
- Neighbor Discovery detects the absence of
symmetric reachability; a node avoids paths to a
neighbor with which it does not have symmetric
connectivity.
The Neighbor Unreachability Detection will
typically identify such half-links and the node
will refrain from using them.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
The protocol can presumably be extended in the
future to find viable paths in environments that
lack reflexive and transitive connectivity.
3.3. Securing Neighbor Discovery Messages
Neighbor Discovery messages are needed for various functions.
Several functions are designed to allow hosts to ascertain the
ownership of an address or the mapping between link-layer and IP-
layer addresses. Vulnerabilities related to Neighbor Discovery are
discussed in Section 11.1. A general solution for securing Neighbor
Discovery is outside the scope of this specification and is discussed
in [SEND]. However, Section 11.2 explains how and under which
constraints IPsec Authentication Header (AH) or Encapsulating
Security Payload (ESP) can be used to secure Neighbor Discovery.
4. Message Formats
This section introduces message formats for all messages used in this
specification.
4.1. Router Solicitation Message Format
Hosts send Router Solicitations in order to prompt routers to
generate Router Advertisements quickly.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
IP Fields:
Source Address
An IP address assigned to the sending interface, or
the unspecified address if no address is assigned
to the sending interface.
Destination Address
Typically the all-routers multicast address.
Hop Limit 255
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
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ICMP Fields:
Type 133
Code 0
Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Valid Options:
Source link-layer address The link-layer address of the sender, if
known. MUST NOT be included if the Source Address
is the unspecified address. Otherwise, it SHOULD
be included on link layers that have addresses.
Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
and continue processing the message.
4.2. Router Advertisement Message Format
Routers send out Router Advertisement messages periodically, or in
response to Router Solicitations.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Cur Hop Limit |M|O| Reserved | Router Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reachable Time |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Retrans Timer |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
IP Fields:
Source Address
MUST be the link-local address assigned to the
interface from which this message is sent.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Destination Address
Typically the Source Address of an invoking Router
Solicitation or the all-nodes multicast address.
Hop Limit 255
ICMP Fields:
Type 134
Code 0
Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
Cur Hop Limit 8-bit unsigned integer. The default value that
should be placed in the Hop Count field of the IP
header for outgoing IP packets. A value of zero
means unspecified (by this router).
M 1-bit "Managed address configuration" flag. When
set, it indicates that addresses are available via
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol [DHCPv6].
If the M flag is set, the O flag is redundant and
can be ignored because DHCPv6 will return all
available configuration information.
O 1-bit "Other configuration" flag. When set, it
indicates that other configuration information is
available via DHCPv6. Examples of such information
are DNS-related information or information on other
servers within the network.
Note: If neither M nor O flags are set, this indicates that no
information is available via DHCPv6.
Reserved A 6-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Router Lifetime
16-bit unsigned integer. The lifetime associated
with the default router in units of seconds. The
field can contain values up to 65535 and receivers
should handle any value, while the sending rules in
Section 6 limit the lifetime to 9000 seconds. A
Lifetime of 0 indicates that the router is not a
default router and SHOULD NOT appear on the default
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
router list. The Router Lifetime applies only to
the router's usefulness as a default router; it
does not apply to information contained in other
message fields or options. Options that need time
limits for their information include their own
lifetime fields.
Reachable Time 32-bit unsigned integer. The time, in
milliseconds, that a node assumes a neighbor is
reachable after having received a reachability
confirmation. Used by the Neighbor Unreachability
Detection algorithm (see Section 7.3). A value of
zero means unspecified (by this router).
Retrans Timer 32-bit unsigned integer. The time, in
milliseconds, between retransmitted Neighbor
Solicitation messages. Used by address resolution
and the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm
(see Sections 7.2 and 7.3). A value of zero means
unspecified (by this router).
Possible options:
Source link-layer address
The link-layer address of the interface from which
the Router Advertisement is sent. Only used on
link layers that have addresses. A router MAY omit
this option in order to enable inbound load sharing
across multiple link-layer addresses.
MTU SHOULD be sent on links that have a variable MTU
(as specified in the document that describes how to
run IP over the particular link type). MAY be sent
on other links.
Prefix Information
These options specify the prefixes that are on-link
and/or are used for stateless address
autoconfiguration. A router SHOULD include all its
on-link prefixes (except the link-local prefix) so
that multihomed hosts have complete prefix
information about on-link destinations for the
links to which they attach. If complete
information is lacking, a host with multiple
interfaces may not be able to choose the correct
outgoing interface when sending traffic to its
neighbors.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 21]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
and continue processing the message.
4.3. Neighbor Solicitation Message Format
Nodes send Neighbor Solicitations to request the link-layer address
of a target node while also providing their own link-layer address to
the target. Neighbor Solicitations are multicast when the node needs
to resolve an address and unicast when the node seeks to verify the
reachability of a neighbor.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Target Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
IP Fields:
Source Address
Either an address assigned to the interface from
which this message is sent or (if Duplicate Address
Detection is in progress [ADDRCONF]) the
unspecified address.
Destination Address
Either the solicited-node multicast address
corresponding to the target address, or the target
address.
Hop Limit 255
ICMP Fields:
Type 135
Code 0
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 22]
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Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Target Address The IP address of the target of the solicitation.
It MUST NOT be a multicast address.
Possible options:
Source link-layer address
The link-layer address for the sender. MUST NOT be
included when the source IP address is the
unspecified address. Otherwise, on link layers
that have addresses this option MUST be included in
multicast solicitations and SHOULD be included in
unicast solicitations.
Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
and continue processing the message.
4.4. Neighbor Advertisement Message Format
A node sends Neighbor Advertisements in response to Neighbor
Solicitations and sends unsolicited Neighbor Advertisements in order
to (unreliably) propagate new information quickly.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|R|S|O| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Target Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 23]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
IP Fields:
Source Address
An address assigned to the interface from which the
advertisement is sent.
Destination Address
For solicited advertisements, the Source Address of
an invoking Neighbor Solicitation or, if the
solicitation's Source Address is the unspecified
address, the all-nodes multicast address.
For unsolicited advertisements typically the all-
nodes multicast address.
Hop Limit 255
ICMP Fields:
Type 136
Code 0
Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
R Router flag. When set, the R-bit indicates that
the sender is a router. The R-bit is used by
Neighbor Unreachability Detection to detect a
router that changes to a host.
S Solicited flag. When set, the S-bit indicates that
the advertisement was sent in response to a
Neighbor Solicitation from the Destination address.
The S-bit is used as a reachability confirmation
for Neighbor Unreachability Detection. It MUST NOT
be set in multicast advertisements or in
unsolicited unicast advertisements.
O Override flag. When set, the O-bit indicates that
the advertisement should override an existing cache
entry and update the cached link-layer address.
When it is not set the advertisement will not
update a cached link-layer address though it will
update an existing Neighbor Cache entry for which
no link-layer address is known. It SHOULD NOT be
set in solicited advertisements for anycast
addresses and in solicited proxy advertisements.
It SHOULD be set in other solicited advertisements
and in unsolicited advertisements.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 24]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Reserved 29-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Target Address
For solicited advertisements, the Target Address
field in the Neighbor Solicitation message that
prompted this advertisement. For an unsolicited
advertisement, the address whose link-layer address
has changed. The Target Address MUST NOT be a
multicast address.
Possible options:
Target link-layer address
The link-layer address for the target, i.e., the
sender of the advertisement. This option MUST be
included on link layers that have addresses when
responding to multicast solicitations. When
responding to a unicast Neighbor Solicitation this
option SHOULD be included.
The option MUST be included for multicast
solicitations in order to avoid infinite Neighbor
Solicitation "recursion" when the peer node does
not have a cache entry to return a Neighbor
Advertisements message. When responding to unicast
solicitations, the option can be omitted since the
sender of the solicitation has the correct link-
layer address; otherwise, it would not be able to
send the unicast solicitation in the first place.
However, including the link-layer address in this
case adds little overhead and eliminates a
potential race condition where the sender deletes
the cached link-layer address prior to receiving a
response to a previous solicitation.
Future versions of this protocol may define new option types.
Receivers MUST silently ignore any options they do not recognize
and continue processing the message.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 25]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
4.5. Redirect Message Format
Routers send Redirect packets to inform a host of a better first-hop
node on the path to a destination. Hosts can be redirected to a
better first-hop router but can also be informed by a redirect that
the destination is in fact a neighbor. The latter is accomplished by
setting the ICMP Target Address equal to the ICMP Destination
Address.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Code | Checksum |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Target Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Destination Address +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Options ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-
IP Fields:
Source Address
MUST be the link-local address assigned to the
interface from which this message is sent.
Destination Address
The Source Address of the packet that triggered the
redirect.
Hop Limit 255
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 26]
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ICMP Fields:
Type 137
Code 0
Checksum The ICMP checksum. See [ICMPv6].
Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Target Address
An IP address that is a better first hop to use for
the ICMP Destination Address. When the target is
the actual endpoint of communication, i.e., the
destination is a neighbor, the Target Address field
MUST contain the same value as the ICMP Destination
Address field. Otherwise, the target is a better
first-hop router and the Target Address MUST be the
router's link-local address so that hosts can
uniquely identify routers.
Destination Address
The IP address of the destination that is
redirected to the target.
Possible options:
Target link-layer address
The link-layer address for the target. It SHOULD
be included (if known). Note that on NBMA links,
hosts may rely on the presence of the Target Link-
Layer Address option in Redirect messages as the
means for determining the link-layer addresses of
neighbors. In such cases, the option MUST be
included in Redirect messages.
Redirected Header
As much as possible of the IP packet that triggered
the sending of the Redirect without making the
redirect packet exceed the minimum MTU specified in
[IPv6].
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 27]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
4.6. Option Formats
Neighbor Discovery messages include zero or more options, some of
which may appear multiple times in the same message. Options should
be padded when necessary to ensure that they end on their natural
64-bit boundaries. All options are of the form:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | ... |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
~ ... ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields:
Type 8-bit identifier of the type of option. The
options defined in this document are:
Option Name Type
Source Link-Layer Address 1
Target Link-Layer Address 2
Prefix Information 3
Redirected Header 4
MTU 5
Length 8-bit unsigned integer. The length of the option
(including the type and length fields) in units of
8 octets. The value 0 is invalid. Nodes MUST
silently discard an ND packet that contains an
option with length zero.
4.6.1. Source/Target Link-layer Address
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Link-Layer Address ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields:
Type
1 for Source Link-layer Address
2 for Target Link-layer Address
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 28]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Length The length of the option (including the type and
length fields) in units of 8 octets. For example,
the length for IEEE 802 addresses is 1
[IPv6-ETHER].
Link-Layer Address
The variable length link-layer address.
The content and format of this field (including
byte and bit ordering) is expected to be specified
in specific documents that describe how IPv6
operates over different link layers. For instance,
[IPv6-ETHER].
Description
The Source Link-Layer Address option contains the
link-layer address of the sender of the packet. It
is used in the Neighbor Solicitation, Router
Solicitation, and Router Advertisement packets.
The Target Link-Layer Address option contains the
link-layer address of the target. It is used in
Neighbor Advertisement and Redirect packets.
These options MUST be silently ignored for other
Neighbor Discovery messages.
4.6.2. Prefix Information
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Prefix Length |L|A| Reserved1 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Valid Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Preferred Lifetime |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved2 |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
+ +
| |
+ Prefix +
| |
+ +
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 29]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Fields:
Type 3
Length 4
Prefix Length 8-bit unsigned integer. The number of leading bits
in the Prefix that are valid. The value ranges
from 0 to 128. The prefix length field provides
necessary information for on-link determination
(when combined with the L flag in the prefix
information option). It also assists with address
autoconfiguration as specified in [ADDRCONF], for
which there may be more restrictions on the prefix
length.
L 1-bit on-link flag. When set, indicates that this
prefix can be used for on-link determination. When
not set the advertisement makes no statement about
on-link or off-link properties of the prefix. In
other words, if the L flag is not set a host MUST
NOT conclude that an address derived from the
prefix is off-link. That is, it MUST NOT update a
previous indication that the address is on-link.
A 1-bit autonomous address-configuration flag. When
set indicates that this prefix can be used for
stateless address configuration as specified in
[ADDRCONF].
Reserved1 6-bit unused field. It MUST be initialized to zero
by the sender and MUST be ignored by the receiver.
Valid Lifetime
32-bit unsigned integer. The length of time in
seconds (relative to the time the packet is sent)
that the prefix is valid for the purpose of on-link
determination. A value of all one bits
(0xffffffff) represents infinity. The Valid
Lifetime is also used by [ADDRCONF].
Preferred Lifetime
32-bit unsigned integer. The length of time in
seconds (relative to the time the packet is sent)
that addresses generated from the prefix via
stateless address autoconfiguration remain
preferred [ADDRCONF]. A value of all one bits
(0xffffffff) represents infinity. See [ADDRCONF].
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 30]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Note that the value of this field MUST NOT exceed
the Valid Lifetime field to avoid preferring
addresses that are no longer valid.
Reserved2 This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Prefix An IP address or a prefix of an IP address. The
Prefix Length field contains the number of valid
leading bits in the prefix. The bits in the prefix
after the prefix length are reserved and MUST be
initialized to zero by the sender and ignored by
the receiver. A router SHOULD NOT send a prefix
option for the link-local prefix and a host SHOULD
ignore such a prefix option.
Description
The Prefix Information option provide hosts with
on-link prefixes and prefixes for Address
Autoconfiguration. The Prefix Information option
appears in Router Advertisement packets and MUST be
silently ignored for other messages.
4.6.3. Redirected Header
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| |
~ IP header + data ~
| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields:
Type 4
Length The length of the option in units of 8 octets.
Reserved These fields are unused. They MUST be initialized
to zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 31]
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IP header + data
The original packet truncated to ensure that the
size of the redirect message does not exceed the
minimum MTU required to support IPv6 as specified
in [IPv6].
Description
The Redirected Header option is used in Redirect
messages and contains all or part of the packet
that is being redirected.
This option MUST be silently ignored for other
Neighbor Discovery messages.
4.6.4. MTU
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Type | Length | Reserved |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MTU |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Fields:
Type 5
Length 1
Reserved This field is unused. It MUST be initialized to
zero by the sender and MUST be ignored by the
receiver.
MTU 32-bit unsigned integer. The recommended MTU for
the link.
Description
The MTU option is used in Router Advertisement
messages to ensure that all nodes on a link use the
same MTU value in those cases where the link MTU is
not well known.
This option MUST be silently ignored for other
Neighbor Discovery messages.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 32]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
In configurations in which heterogeneous
technologies are bridged together, the maximum
supported MTU may differ from one segment to
another. If the bridges do not generate ICMP
Packet Too Big messages, communicating nodes will
be unable to use Path MTU to dynamically determine
the appropriate MTU on a per-neighbor basis. In
such cases, routers can be configured to use the
MTU option to specify the maximum MTU value that is
supported by all segments.
5. Conceptual Model of a Host
This section describes a conceptual model of one possible data
structure organization that hosts (and, to some extent, routers) will
maintain in interacting with neighboring nodes. The described
organization is provided to facilitate the explanation of how the
Neighbor Discovery protocol should behave. This document does not
mandate that implementations adhere to this model as long as their
external behavior is consistent with that described in this document.
This model is only concerned with the aspects of host behavior
directly related to Neighbor Discovery. In particular, it does not
concern itself with such issues as source address selection or the
selecting of an outgoing interface on a multihomed host.
5.1. Conceptual Data Structures
Hosts will need to maintain the following pieces of information for
each interface:
Neighbor Cache
- A set of entries about individual neighbors to
which traffic has been sent recently. Entries are
keyed on the neighbor's on-link unicast IP address
and contain such information as its link-layer
address, a flag indicating whether the neighbor is
a router or a host (called IsRouter in this
document), a pointer to any queued packets waiting
for address resolution to complete, etc. A
Neighbor Cache entry also contains information used
by the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm,
including the reachability state, the number of
unanswered probes, and the time the next Neighbor
Unreachability Detection event is scheduled to take
place.
Narten, et al. Standards Track [Page 33]
RFC 4861 Neighbor Discovery in IPv6 September 2007
Destination Cache
- A set of entries about destinations to which
traffic has been sent recently. The Destination
Cache includes both on-link and off-link
destinations and provides a level of indirection
into the Neighbor Cache; the Destination Cache maps
a destination IP address to the IP address of the
next-hop neighbor. This cache is updated with
information learned from Redirect messages.
Implementations may find it convenient to store
additional information not directly related to
Neighbor Discovery in Destination Cache entries,
such as the Path MTU (PMTU) and round-trip timers
maintained by transport protocols.
Prefix List - A list of the prefixes that define a set of
addresses that are on-link. Prefix List entries
are created from information received in Router
Advertisements. Each entry has an associated
invalidation timer value (extracted from the
advertisement) used to expire prefixes when they
become invalid. A special "infinity" timer value
specifies that a prefix remains valid forever,
unless a new (finite) value is received in a
subsequent advertisement.
The link-local prefix is considered to be on the
prefix list with an infinite invalidation timer
regardless of whether routers are advertising a
prefix for it. Received Router Advertisements
SHOULD NOT modify the invalidation timer for the
link-local prefix.
Default Router List
- A list of routers to which packets may be sent.
Router list entries point to entries in the
Neighbor Cache; the algorithm for selecting a
default router favors routers known to be reachable
over those whose reachability is suspect. Each
entry also has an associated invalidation timer
value (extracted from Router Advertisements) used
to delete entries that are no longer advertised.
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Note that the above conceptual data structures can be implemented
using a variety of techniques. One possible implementation is to use
a single longest-match routing table for all of the above data
structures. Regardless of the specific implementation, it is
critical that the Neighbor Cache entry for a router is shared by all
Destination Cache entries using that router in order to prevent
redundant Neighbor Unreachability Detection probes.
Note also that other protocols (e.g., Mobile IPv6) might add
additional conceptual data structures. An implementation is at
liberty to implement such data structures in any way it pleases. For
example, an implementation could merge all conceptual data structures
into a single routing table.
The Neighbor Cache contains information maintained by the Neighbor
Unreachability Detection algorithm. A key piece of information is a
neighbor's reachability state, which is one of five possible values.
The following definitions are informal; precise definitions can be
found in Section 7.3.2.
INCOMPLETE Address resolution is in progress and the link-layer
address of the neighbor has not yet been determined.
REACHABLE Roughly speaking, the neighbor is known to have been
reachable recently (within tens of seconds ago).
STALE The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable but
until traffic is sent to the neighbor, no attempt
should be made to verify its reachability.
DELAY The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable, and
traffic has recently been sent to the neighbor.
Rather than probe the neighbor immediately, however,
delay sending probes for a short while in order to
give upper-layer protocols a chance to provide
reachability confirmation.
PROBE The neighbor is no longer known to be reachable, and
unicast Neighbor Solicitation probes are being sent to
verify reachability.
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5.2. Conceptual Sending Algorithm
When sending a packet to a destination, a node uses a combination of
the Destination Cache, the Prefix List, and the Default Router List
to determine the IP address of the appropriate next hop, an operation
known as "next-hop determination". Once the IP address of the next
hop is known, the Neighbor Cache is consulted for link-layer
information about that neighbor.
Next-hop determination for a given unicast destination operates as
follows. The sender performs a longest prefix match against the
Prefix List to determine whether the packet's destination is on- or
off-link. If the destination is on-link, the next-hop address is the
same as the packet's destination address. Otherwise, the sender
selects a router from the Default Router List (following the rules
described in Section 6.3.6).
For efficiency reasons, next-hop determination is not performed on
every packet that is sent. Instead, the results of next-hop
determination computations are saved in the Destination Cache (which
also contains updates learned from Redirect messages). When the
sending node has a packet to send, it first examines the Destination
Cache. If no entry exists for the destination, next-hop
determination is invoked to create a Destination Cache entry.
Once the IP address of the next-hop node is known, the sender
examines the Neighbor Cache for link-layer information about that
neighbor. If no entry exists, the sender creates one, sets its state
to INCOMPLETE, initiates Address Resolution, and then queues the data
packet pending completion of address resolution. For multicast-
capable interfaces Address Resolution consists of sending a Neighbor
Solicitation message and waiting for a Neighbor Advertisement. When
a Neighbor Advertisement response is received, the link-layer
addresses is entered in the Neighbor Cache entry and the queued
packet is transmitted. The address resolution mechanism is described
in detail in Section 7.2.
For multicast packets, the next-hop is always the (multicast)
destination address and is considered to be on-link. The procedure
for determining the link-layer address corresponding to a given IP
multicast address can be found in a separate document that covers
operating IP over a particular link type (e.g., [IPv6-ETHER]).
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Each time a Neighbor Cache entry is accessed while transmitting a
unicast packet, the sender checks Neighbor Unreachability Detection
related information according to the Neighbor Unreachability
Detection algorithm (Section 7.3). This unreachability check might
result in the sender transmitting a unicast Neighbor Solicitation to
verify that the neighbor is still reachable.
Next-hop determination is done the first time traffic is sent to a
destination. As long as subsequent communication to that destination
proceeds successfully, the Destination Cache entry continues to be
used. If at some point communication ceases to proceed, as
determined by the Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm, next-
hop determination may need to be performed again. For example,
traffic through a failed router should be switched to a working
router. Likewise, it may be possible to reroute traffic destined for
a mobile node to a "mobility agent".
Note that when a node redoes next-hop determination there is no need
to discard the complete Destination Cache entry. In fact, it is
generally beneficial to retain such cached information as the PMTU
and round-trip timer values that may also be kept in the Destination
Cache entry.
Routers and multihomed hosts have multiple interfaces. The remainder
of this document assumes that all sent and received Neighbor
Discovery messages refer to the interface of appropriate context.
For example, when responding to a Router Solicitation, the
corresponding Router Advertisement is sent out the interface on which
the solicitation was received.
5.3. Garbage Collection and Timeout Requirements
The conceptual data structures described above use different
mechanisms for discarding potentially stale or unused information.
From the perspective of correctness, there is no need to periodically
purge Destination and Neighbor Cache entries. Although stale
information can potentially remain in the cache indefinitely, the
Neighbor Unreachability Detection algorithm ensures that stale
information is purged quickly if it is actually being used.
To limit the storage needed for the Destination and Neighbor Caches,
a node may need to garbage-collect old entries. However, care must
be taken to ensure that sufficient space is always present to hold
the working set of active entries. A small cache may result in an
excessive number of Neighbor Discovery messages if entries are
discarded and rebuilt in quick succession. Any Least Recently Used
(LRU)-based policy that only reclaims entries that have not been used
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in some time (e.g., ten minutes or more) should be adequate for
garbage-collecting unused entries.
A node should retain entries in the Default Router List and the
Prefix List until their lifetimes expire. However, a node may
garbage-collect entries prematurely if it is low on memory. If not
all routers are kept on the Default Router list, a node should retain
at least two entries in the Default Router List (and preferably more)
in order to maintain robust connectivity for off-link destinations.
When removing an entry from the Prefix List, there is no need to
purge any entries from the Destination or Neighbor Caches. Neighbor
Unreachability Detection will efficiently purge any entries in these
caches that have become invalid. When removing an entry from the
Default Router List, however, any entries in the Destination Cache
that go through that router must perform next-hop determination again
to select a new default router.
6. Router and Prefix Discovery
This section describes router and host behavior related to the Router
Discovery portion of Neighbor Discovery. Router Discovery is used to
locate neighboring routers as well as learn prefixes and
configuration parameters related to stateless address
autoconfiguration.
Prefix Discovery is the process through which hosts learn the ranges
of IP addresses that reside on-link and can be reached directly
without going through a router. Routers send Router Advertisements
that indicate whether the sender is willing to be a default router.
Router Advertisements also contain Prefix Information options that
list the set of prefixes that identify on-link IP addresses.
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration must also obtain subnet prefixes
as part of configuring addresses. Although the prefixes used for
address autoconfiguration are logically distinct from those used for
on-link determination, autoconfiguration information is piggybacked
on Router Discovery messages to reduce network traffic. Indeed, the
same prefixes can be advertised for on-link determination and address
autoconfiguration by specifying the appropriate flags in the Prefix
Information options. See [ADDRCONF] for details on how
autoconfiguration information is processed.
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6.1. Message Validation
6.1.1. Validation of Router Solicitation Messages
Hosts MUST silently discard any received Router Solicitation
Messages.
A router MUST silently discard any received Router Solicitation
messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
- The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
- ICMP Checksum is valid.
- ICMP Code is 0.
- ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 8 or more octets.
- All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
- If the IP source address is the unspecified address, there is no
source link-layer address option in the message.
The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
with Router Solicitation messages MUST be ignored and the packet
processed as normal. The only defined option that may appear is the
Source Link-Layer Address option.
A solicitation that passes the validity checks is called a "valid
solicitation".
6.1.2. Validation of Router Advertisement Messages
A node MUST silently discard any received Router Advertisement
messages that do not satisfy all of the following validity checks:
- IP Source Address is a link-local address. Routers must use
their link-local address as the source for Router Advertisement
and Redirect messages so that hosts can uniquely identify
routers.
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- The IP Hop Limit field has a value of 255, i.e., the packet
could not possibly have been forwarded by a router.
- ICMP Checksum is valid.
- ICMP Code is 0.
- ICMP length (derived from the IP length) is 16 or more octets.
- All included options have a length that is greater than zero.
The contents of the Reserved field, and of any unrecognized options,
MUST be ignored. Future, backward-compatible changes to the protocol
may specify the contents of the Reserved field or add new options;
backward-incompatible changes may use different Code values.
The contents of any defined options that are not specified to be used
with Router Advertisement messages MUST be ignored and the packet
processed as normal. The only defined options that may appear are
the Source Link-Layer Address, Prefix Information and MTU options.
An advertisement that passes the validity checks is called a "valid
advertisement".
6.2. Router Specification
6.2.1. Router Configuration Variables
A router MUST allow for the following conceptual variables to be
configured by system management. The specific variable names are
used for demonstration purposes only, and an implementation is not
required to have them, so long as its external behavior is consistent
with that described in this document. Default values are specified
to simplify configuration in common cases.
The default values for some of the variables listed below may be
overridden by specific documents that describe how IPv6 operates over
different link layers. This rule simplifies the configuration of
Neighbor Discovery over link types with widely differing performance
characteristics.
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For each interface:
IsRouter A flag indicating whether routing is enabled on
this interface. Enabling routing on the interface
would imply that a router can forward packets to or
from the interface.
Default: FALSE
AdvSendAdvertisements
A flag indicating whether or not the router sends
periodic Router Advertisements and responds to
Router Solicitations.
Default: FALSE
Note that AdvSendAdvertisements MUST be FALSE by
default so that a node will not accidentally start
acting as a router unless it is explicitly
configured by system management to send Router
Advertisements.
MaxRtrAdvInterval
The maximum time allowed between sending
unsolicited multicast Router Advertisements from
the interface, in seconds. MUST be no less than 4
seconds and no greater than 1800 seconds.
Default: 600 seconds
MinRtrAdvInterval
The minimum time allowed between sending
unsolicited multicast Router Advertisements from
the interface, in seconds. MUST be no less than 3
seconds and no greater than .75 *
MaxRtrAdvInterval.
Default: 0.33 * MaxRtrAdvInterval If
MaxRtrAdvInterval >= 9 seconds; otherwise, the
Default is MaxRtrAdvInterval.
AdvManagedFlag
The TRUE/FALSE value to be placed in the "Managed
address configuration" flag field in the Router
Advertisement. See [ADDRCONF].
Default: FALSE
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AdvOtherConfigFlag
The TRUE/FALSE value to be placed in the "Other
configuration" flag field in the Router
Advertisement. See [ADDRCONF].
Default: FALSE
AdvLinkMTU The value to be placed in MTU options sent by the
router. A value of zero indicates that no MTU
options are sent.
Default: 0
AdvReachableTime
The value to be placed in the Reachable Time field
in the Router Advertisement messages sent by the
router. The value zero means unspecified (by this
router). MUST be no greater than 3,600,000
milliseconds (1 hour).
Default: 0
AdvRetransTimer The value to be placed in the Retrans Timer field
in the Router Advertisement messages sent by the
router. The value zero means unspecified (by this
router).
Default: 0
AdvCurHopLimit
The default value to be placed in the Cur Hop Limit
field in the Router Advertisement messages sent by
the router. The value should be set to the current
diameter of the Internet. The value zero means
unspecified (by this router).
Default: The value specified in the "Assigned
Numbers" [ASSIGNED] that was in effect at the time
of implementation.
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AdvDefaultLifetime
The value to be placed in the Router Lifetime field
of Router Advertisements sent from the interface,
in seconds. MUST be either zero or between
MaxRtrAdvInterval and 9000 seconds. A value of
zero indicates that the router is not to be used as
a default router. These limits may be overridden
by specific documents that describe how IPv6
operates over different link layers. For instance,
in a point-to-point link the peers may have enough
information about the number and status of devices
at the other end so that advertisements are needed
less frequently.
Default: 3 * MaxRtrAdvInterval
AdvPrefixList
A list of prefixes to be placed in Prefix
Information options in Router Advertisement
messages sent from the interface.
Default: all prefixes that the router advertises
via routing protocols as being on-link for the
interface from which the advertisement is sent.
The link-local prefix SHOULD NOT be included in the
list of advertised prefixes.
Each prefix has an associated:
AdvValidLifetime
The value to be placed in the Valid
Lifetime in the Prefix Information option,
in seconds. The designated value of all
1's (0xffffffff) represents infinity.
Implementations MAY allow AdvValidLifetime
to be specified in two ways:
- a time that decrements in real time,
that is, one that will result in a
Lifetime of zero at the specified time
in the future, or
- a fixed time that stays the same in
consecutive advertisements.
Default: 2592000 seconds (30 days), fixed
(i.e., stays the same in consecutive
advertisements).
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AdvOnLinkFlag
The value to be placed in the on-link flag
("L-bit") field in the Prefix Information
option.
Default: TRUE
Stateless address configuration [ADDRCONF] defines
additional information associated with each of the
prefixes:
AdvPreferredLifetime
The value to be placed in the Preferred
Lifetime in the Prefix Information option,
in seconds. The designated value of all
1's (0xffffffff) represents infinity. See
[ADDRCONF] for details on how this value is
used. Implementations MAY allow
AdvPreferredLifetime to be specified in two
ways:
- a time that decrements in real time,
that is, one that will result in a
Lifetime of zero at a specified time in
the future, or
- a fixed time that stays the same in
consecutive advertisements.
Default: 604800 seconds (7 days), fixed
(i.e., stays the same in consecutive
advertisements). This value MUST NOT be
larger than AdvValidLifetime.
AdvAutonomousFlag
The value to be placed in the Autonomous
Flag field in the Prefix Information
option. See [ADDRCONF].
Default: TRUE
The above variables contain information that is placed in outgoing
Router Advertisement messages. Hosts use the received information to
initialize a set of analogous variables that control their external
behavior (see Section 6.3.2). Some of these host variables (e.g.,
CurHopLimit, RetransTimer, and ReachableTime) apply to all nodes
including routers. In practice, these variables may not actually be
present on routers, since their contents can be derived from the
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variables described above. However, external router behavior MUST be
the same as host behavior with respect to these variables. In
particular, this includes the occasional randomization of the
ReachableTime value as described in Section 6.3.2.
Protocol constants are defined in Section 10.
6.2.2. Becoming an Advertising Interface
The term "advertising interface" refers to any functioning and
enabled interface that has at least one unicast IP address assigned
to it and whose corresponding AdvSendAdvertisements flag is TRUE. A
router MUST NOT send Router Advertisements out any interface that is
not an advertising interface.
An interface may become an advertising interface at times other than
system startup. For example:
- changing the AdvSendAdvertisements flag on an enabled interface
from FALSE to TRUE, or
- administratively enabling the interface, if it had been
administratively disabled, and its AdvSendAdvertisements flag is
TRUE, or
- enabling IP forwarding capability (i.e., changing the system
from being a host to being a router), when the interface's
AdvSendAdvertisements flag is TRUE.
A router MUST join the all-routers multicast address on an
advertising interface. Routers respond to Router Solicitations sent
to the all-routers address and verify the consistency of Router
Advertisements sent by neighboring routers.
6.2.3. Router Advertisement Message Content
A router sends periodic as well as solicited Router Advertisements
out its advertising interfaces. Outgoing Router Advertisements are
filled with the following values consistent with the message format
given in Section 4.2:
- In the Router Lifetime field: the interface's configured
AdvDefaultLifetime.
- In the M and O flags: the interface's configured AdvManagedFlag
and AdvOtherConfigFlag, respectively.
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- In the Cur Hop Limit field: the interface's configured
CurHopLimit.
- In the Reachable Time field: the interface's configured
AdvReachableTime.
- In the Retrans Timer field: the interface's configured
AdvRetransTimer.
- In the options:
o Source Link-Layer Address option: link-layer address of the
sending interface. This option MAY be omitted to
facilitate in-bound load balancing over replicated
interfaces.
o MTU option: the interface's configured AdvLinkMTU value if
the value is non-zero. If AdvLinkMTU is zero, the MTU
option is not sent.
o Prefix Information options: one Prefix Information option
for each prefix listed in AdvPrefixList with the option
fields set from the information in the AdvPrefixList entry
as follows:
- In the "on-link" flag: the entry's AdvOnLinkFlag.
- In the Valid Lifetime field: the entry's
AdvValidLifetime.
- In the "Autonomous address configuration" flag: the
entry's AdvAutonomousFlag.
- In the Preferred Lifetime field: the entry's
AdvPreferredLifetime.
A router might want to send Router Advertisements without advertising
itself as a default router. For instance, a router might advertise
prefixes for stateless address autoconfiguration while not wishing to
forward packets. Such a router sets the Router Lifetime field in
outgoing advertisements to zero.
A router MAY choose not to include some or all options when sending
unsolicited Router Advertisements. For example, if prefix lifetimes
are much longer than AdvDefaultLifetime, including them every few
advertisements may be sufficient. However, when responding to a
Router Solicitation or while sending the first few initial
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unsolicited advertisements, a router SHOULD include all options so
that all information (e.g., prefixes) is propagated quickly during
system initialization.
If including all options causes the size of an advertisement to
exceed the link MTU, multiple advertisements can be sent, each
containing a subset of the options.
6.2.4. Sending Unsolicited Router Advertisements
A host MUST NOT send Router Advertisement messages at any time.
Unsolicited Router Advertisements are not strictly periodic: the
interval between subsequent transmissions is randomized to reduce the
probability of synchronization with the advertisements from other
routers on the same link [SYNC]. Each advertising interface has its
own timer. Whenever a multicast advertisement is sent from an
interface, the timer is reset to a uniformly distributed random value
between the interface's configured MinRtrAdvInterval and
MaxRtrAdvInterval; expiration of the timer causes the next
advertisement to be sent and a new random value to be chosen.
For the first few advertisements (up to
MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERTISEMENTS) sent from an interface when it
becomes an advertising interface, if the randomly chosen interval is
greater than MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERT_INTERVAL, the timer SHOULD be set
to MAX_INITIAL_RTR_ADVERT_INTERVAL instead. Using a smaller interval
for the initial advertisements increases the likelihood of a router
being discovered quickly when it first becomes available, in the
presence of possible packet loss.
The information contained in Router Advertisements may change through
actions of system management. For instance, the lifetime of
adver
